fonty klasyfikacja.pdf

Fonty

Klasyfikacja

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Contents

Articles

Serif

Slab serif

Didone

Sans- serif

References

Article Sources and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Article Licenses

License

Serif

Sans-serif

font

Serif font

(red serifs)

In typography, serifs are semi-structural details on the ends of some of the strokes that make up letters and symbols.

A typeface that has serifs is called a serif typeface (or seriffed typeface ). A typeface without serifs is called

sans-serif , from the French sans, meaning “ without ” . Some typography sources refer to sans-serif typefaces as

"grotesque" (in German " grotesk") or "Gothic," and serif types as "Roman."

Origins and etymology

Serifs are thought to have originated in the Roman alphabet with

inscriptional lettering — words carved into stone in Roman antiquity.

The explanation proposed by Father Edward Catich in his 1968 book

The Origin of the Serif is now broadly but not universally accepted: the

Roman letter outlines were first painted onto stone, and the stone

carvers followed the brush marks which flared at stroke ends and

corners, creating serifs. The origin of the word serif is obscure, but apparently almost as recent as the type style. In

The British Standard of the Capital Letters contained in the Roman Alphabet, forming a complete code of systematic

rules for a mathematical construction and accurate formation of the same (1813) by William Hollins, it defined

surripses , usually pronounced "surriphs", as "projections" which appear at the tops and bottoms of some letters, the

O and Q excepted, at the beginning or end, and sometimes at each, of all." The standard also proposed that surripses

may be derived from the Greek words συν (together) and ριψις (projection). In 1827, a Greek scholar, Julian

Hibbert, printed his own experimental uncial Greek types. He explained that unlike the types of Bodoni's

Callimachus, which were "ornamented (or rather disfigured) by additions of what I believe type-founders call syrifs

or cerefs."

Roman brushed capitals.

The oldest citations in the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) are 1841 for "sans serif", given as sanserif , and 1830

for "serif". The OED speculates that serif was a back-formation f rom sanserif . Webster's Third New International

Dictionary t races serif to the Dutch noun schreef, meaning "line, stroke of the pen", related to the verb schrappen ,

"to delete, strike through". Schreef now also means "serif" in Dutch.

The OED 's earliest citation for "grotesque" in this sense is 1875, giving stone-letter as a synonym . It would seem to

mean "out of the ordinary" in this usage, as in art grotesque usually means "elaborately decorated". Other synonyms

include "Doric" and "Gothic," commonly used for Japanese Gothic typefaces .

Serif

East Asian equivalents

In the Chinese a nd Japanese writing systems, there are common type styles

based on the regular script for Chinese characters a kin to serif and sans serif

fonts in the West. In China the most popular category of serifed-like

typefaces for body text is called Song ( 宋体 , Songti ), in Japan the most

popular serif style is called Minchō ( 明朝 ), and in Taiwan and Hong Kong it

is called Ming ( 明體 , Mingti ). The names of these lettering styles come from

the Song and Ming dynasties, when block printing f lourished in China.

Because the wood grain on printing blocks ran horizontally, it was fairly easy

to carve horizontal lines with the grain. However, carving vertical or slanted

patterns was difficult because those patterns intersect with the grain and break

easily. This resulted in a typeface that has thin horizontal strokes and thick

vertical strokes. To prevent wear and tear, the ending of horizontal strokes are also thickened. These design forces

resulted in the current Song typeface characterized by thick vertical strokes contrasted with thin horizontal strokes;

triangular ornaments at the end of single horizontal strokes; and overall geometrical regularity.

From right to left: sans-serif typeface,

serif typeface , serif typeface with serifs

in red.

In Japanese typography, the equivalent of serifs on kanji a nd kana characters are called uroko — "fish scales." In

Chinese, the serifs are called either youjiaoti ( 有脚体 , lit. "forms with legs") or youchenxianti ( 有衬线体 , lit. "forms

with ornamental lines").

The other common East Asian style of type is called black ( 黑体 / 體 , Heiti ) in Chinese and Gothic ( ゴシック体

Goshikku-tai ) in Japanese. This group is characterized by lines of even thickness for each stroke, the equivalent of

"sans serif." This style, first introduced on newspaper headlines, is commonly used on headings, websites, signs and

billboards.

Usage

In traditional printing serifed fonts are used for body text b ecause they

are considered easier to read than sans-serif f onts for this purpose. [1]

However, the belief isn't supported by scientific study. Studies with

child participants have found no difference in their ability to read either

style of typeface. [2] [3] Sans-serif f onts are more often used in

headlines, headings, and shorter pieces of text and subject matter

requiring a more casual feel than the formal look of serifed types.

Serifed fonts are the overwhelming typeface choice for lengthy text

printed in books, newspapers and magazines. [4] For such purposes

sans-serif fonts are more acceptable in Europe than in North America,

but still less common than serifed typefaces.

Serifed text in a dictionary of French slang .

While in print serifed fonts are considered more readable, sans-serif is

considered more legible on computer screens. [2] Most web pages employ sans-serif type for this reason. [5] Hinting

information, anti-aliasing , and subpixel rendering technologies have partially mitigated the legibility problem of serif

fonts on screen. But the basic constraint of screen resolution — typically 100 pixels per inch or less — and small

font sizes continues to limit their readability on screen.

As serifs originated in inscription they are generally not used in handwriting. A common exception is the printed

capital I , where the addition of serifs distinguishes the character from lowercase L . Printed capital Js , and the

numeral 1 are also often handwritten with serifs.

Serif

Classification

Serif fonts can be broadly classified into one of four subgroups: old style , transitional , modern and slab serif .

Old Style

Old style or humanist typefaces date back to 1465, and

are characterized by a diagonal stress (the thinnest

parts of letters are at an angle rather than at the top and

bottom), subtle differences between thick and thin lines

(low line contrast), and excellent readability. Old style

typefaces are reminiscent of the humanist c alligraphy

from which their forms were derived. An old style font

normally has a left-inclining curve axis with weight

stress at about 8 and 2 o'clock; serifs are almost always

bracketed; head serifs are often angled. [6]

The Adobe Garamond typeface, an example of an old-style serif

It has been said that the angled stressing o f old style faces generates diagonal lock , which, when combined with their

bracket serifs creates detailed, positive word-pictures (see bouma) for ease of reading. However, this theory is mostly

contradicted by the parallel letterwise recognition model, which is widely accepted by cognitive psychologists who

study reading.

Old style faces are sub-divided into Venetian and Aldine (also called Garalde ). Examples of old style typefaces

include Adobe Jenson (Venetian), Janson , Garamond , Bembo , Goudy Old Style , and Palatino (all Aldine or

Garalde).

Transitional

Transitional or baroque serif typefaces first appeared

in the mid-18th century. They are among the most

common, including such widespread typefaces as

Times New Roman ( 1932) and Baskerville (1757).

They are in between modern and old style, thus the

name "transitional." Differences between thick and thin

lines are more pronounced than they are in old style,

but they are still less dramatic than they are in modern serif fonts.

The Times New Roman typeface, an example of a transitional serif

Modern

Modern or Didone serif typefaces, which first emerged

in the late 18th century, are characterized by extreme

contrast between thick and thin lines. Modern typefaces

have a vertical stress, long and fine serifs, with minimal

brackets. Serifs tend to be very thin and vertical lines

are very heavy. Most modern fonts are less readable

than transitional or old style serif typefaces. Common

examples include Bodoni , Didot , and Computer Modern .

The Bodoni typeface, an example of a modern serif

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