Przełom Października w kulturze i literaturze.doc

Przełom Października w kulturze i literaturze                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         1953 – śmierć Józefa Stalina                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         1954-1955 – tzw. odwilż                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

o       panowanie cenzury nie było już tak bezwzględne                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

o       w prasie politycznej i kulturalnej powiały się głosy krytyki systemu totalitarnego                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         1956 – XX Zjazd Komunistycznej Partii Związku Radzieckiego                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

o       krytyka rządów Stalina, uznanych za wypaczenie idei leninowskich                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         X 1956 – ukazanie złudności nadziei na wolność w systemie radzieckiego komunizmu (powstanie na Węgrzech krwawo stłumione przez wojsko radzieckie)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

Przemiany:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         spontaniczna działalność, aktywizacja środowisk kulturalnych – „odzyskanie głosu” (nowe czasopisma, m.in. „Dialog”, „Współczesność”, „Polityka”, „Odra”, „Czarne Na Białym”) à potem władze zaczęły cofać
swe decyzje, likwidować nowe czasopisma itp.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         debiut młodego pokolenia poetów i tych, którzy gotowi byli wcześniej do debiutu, lecz nie mogli wydawać; młodzi zazwyczaj nieskalani byli socrealizmem (Miron Białoszewski, Ernest Bryll, Stanisław Czycz, Bohdan Drozdowski, Stanisław Grochowiak, Jerzy Harasymowicz, Zbigniew Herbert)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         redebiut niektórych twórców – Andrzej Bursa, Tadeusz Nowak, Wisława Szymborska                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         debiut prozaików – Marek Hłasko, Nowakowski (Ten stary złodziej), Władysław Lech Terlecki, Leopold Tyrmand                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         publikowanie Jerzego Andrzejewskiego, Romana Bratnego, Jarosława Iwaszkiewicza, pisarzy emigracyjnych                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         ruch wydawniczy – oprócz literatury polskiej wydawano też obcą (Fiodor Dostojewski, Thomas Mann, Borys Pasternak, Marcel Proust, John Steinbeck)

·         wzrost znaczenia kultury studenckiej (kluby studenckie, kabarety, teatry, czasopisma, m.in. „Odnowa”)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

o       Warszawa                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

§         Studencki Teatr Satyryków (m.in. Agnieszka Osiecka)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

§         Teatr na Tarczyńskiej, współcześnie tworzony przez
M. Białoszewskiego                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

o       Gdańsk – teatr Bim-Bom (gdzie występowali m.in. Zbigniew Cybulski
i Bogumił Kobiela)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

o       Kraków – Piwnica Pod Baranami (Piotr Skrzynecki, Wiesław Dymny)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

·         kluby inteligencji

o       Klub Inteligencji Katolickiej

o       Klub Krzywego Koła – klub dyskusyjny pod patronatem „Po Prostu”

·         literatura i prasa społeczno-literacka

·         chwilowe ożywienie regionów

o       próba stworzenia nowej literatury

o       teoria regionalizmu (E. Kozikowski, Emil Zegadłowicz)

o       repolonizacja Ziem Zachodnich

·         chwilowe uniesienie „żelaznej kurtyny” umożliwiło zbliżenie literatury krajowej i emigracyjnej, zaowocowało w kulturze polskiej recepcją światowych prądów artystycznych i filozoficznych

·         proza rozrachunkowa

o       Brandys, Obrona Grenady (1956)

o       Braun, Piekło wybrukowane (1957)

o       Aleksander Ścibor-Rylski, Czarne ściany (1957)

o       Leon Kruczkowski, Szkice z piekła uczciwych

Liberalizacja życia kulturalnego trwała niezwykle krótko. Uspokojenie systemu politycznego po dojściu do władzy W. Gomułki umożliwiło partii politycznej (komunistycznej) ponowne przejęcie kontroli nad literaturą i całą twórczością artystyczną.

·         1957 – cenzura zabroniła publikowania utworów rozrachunkowych

·         w następnych latach – tematyka władzy historiozofii à alegorie (np. ukazana jako cywilizacja starożytna)

o       Jerzy Andrzejewski, Ciemności kryją ziemię – o XV-wiecznej Hiszpanii

o       J. Bocheński, Polski Juliusz

o       Andrzej Szczypiorski, Msza za miasto Arras

o       Kapuściński, Cesarz – główny bohater podobny do Edwarda Gierka

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