zintegrowane rozdzial 13.PDF

>I *l

The art of conversation

listening and Vocabulary

l I ,g_

^r'"4** +*n -^

)a^ry

-ftu^ )^ tt ny

T,tt,,/,'n d.trt<e. nfre

J*, tl**

wllat 4 I

,t|r*r^"4*

.t- .:

RSANON

\wlq

,g r-, l

ha^,c?ft. (

})L

(t,

ii-Irrfir"Ju.<;'ug- a

lhiyf, Teason(

Are goultavfri

{nYqasa7-'ar-

**iM.

iv .- Snldiaa6 <r*a*na ha

fu- Qarnz conwrslatioz

ttt th,|ne samz tilne:

WhaL axe - Whrtate

Y -A fcn iliar

MttM!wltor"sl"o.tf.

e'di*l,t.fl"*y,.

1* l'h<dKz qavrtsdh

"?rft"m,

#"wffi

9l- we n4<,y

4l*,*" \

rrqw.

\ c-l--J.'r! /

E t Beforeyou listento the recording,look at the flowchart below. can you think of any

examples to fill some of the gaps?Look at the cartoon for crues!

@ Z Listen to the recording and fitl eachgap with oNE of rheexamples given by the speaker.

, ,. ,-,...1.

., ,

participants make eyecontact

They assumeconventional

facial expresssions:

e.g. 1

Theyreacha :position of comfortable

' ,'-

'rwLrrqPvDrtrylt

iroximlly.

tt,ttt'tt

e.g. a

..,:.]::....|'|and-greetingJe.g.5

Theyexchange

ritualgesturesi

; ;;';,

,,.a -

, :-ir ,

,::,.':,:,,.;i,r.

I ,

They exchalge channel:opening remarks: e.g. 6

themalnbusinessphase canbegin

t :.

i,- Whqt Acst\vetc

B:rt y-ri"httxz'

iii -Acon,tott

.. .i,, ..,1;.

A typical one-to-one conversation beginswi.!hthis openilg ehisel ,

,..

'sarualuas railoqs u! aaoqe a;duexa lsel aql ayur\au

'raPear aqg ro{ 6u;snfuoe aq u€3 atualuas 6uo; a;6ugse ur sasnel) an!+ptar ,tueu ooL Z

iPFo/t\ lleus P s.}! }Pr{l

lno o6 ol pasnoqm 'pgne6 qtlr\rpuaraa^\

lsel ol lua^\ a^\ qf,rq/{ 'ar}uaf, 6ulddoqs /nauaql u! r{luerg e pauado 1sn{ seq qllqr'\ 'p}'l sdoqqoog

au:y fo slau/hoaql arP.oqm 'luerJ pue ar1e;1 fo ralq6nep aql s! orlry\

'rberl o1pa6e6ua 1o6;snf spq lned s

saqf,epeaqurrqsarr6 qrgqm '6upq6g; 1ua:saronlf seq qrorn aq qtrtqrr\ur argfJoaql t

'pua;rf lsaq slq s!oqry\ 'lned o1pa6e6ua lo6 lsnl spq 'pl^p€ r.{}r,v\

}no o6 ogpasnou*r 'Iler1 €

'a6en6ue; aql alunouord laql ie,n aql 5! qrlq,r\ .trua:le up ql!/nqsr;6u3qeads auo&aa3 z

'irelnqeron pue reururer6piepupls-uou sasn l€q+ a6en6ue1e Jo {galren p s! }ralElp v t

'(.t1a roqn fo peagsul +eql ,leril fo peagsul

r.lt!rl,s)auo luarafflp e ql!,r\pa:e;dar aq uef par u! sunsuorda^llelaraqr fo ql!q,$apllao

- * -l

'StSnV'p tAlIvT3d asnol st a)ualuasa;6ugs e otu! uogleuuofu!erlxa 6u;pnd fo AemauO l0

Suqru**aArtrra$IA

z - safualuas6u;u1o[

aeroa fo auog spro/hrpar\s ssa4s

6ue;s 6u.;Ies f llsef,r€s 1euol6ar sqranord uo6rel uo[puo]u! ;er,uroful sarnlsa6 ;eugoJ

uolssardxa uolssardxa ;e1nbo;;or a6en6uel ,tpoq ;en6ur1rq a6en6ue;peq i1a1e;rdordde

' ',,','.,:.,,.:.

-,'. ', {.roprper}uof arp .q}orq aql ;rods qoor lueu oo1,pup .4oiy\ 1q611

aleur spueq

'arr;d papadxaun up ur auoaulos }aau a/y\uaqmasnam ;1,;:.f,, ,.-.

{ueyr1,

(u)p s] ,pll:m

p,s.lll

€

lleuls-

6u1aqaq ,{eu laql lo aralursaq Ieru laql .}uellllrq, s! lro/r^ rnoi s,(esauoauros

r:. S.Uosrad V ' , .,,,t,,

f| leads ,taqi sfro,r

aql upt{lragaq s6urlaaf lear rlaqglanuor ieu

.-,:r:.,::: pup

rlaql 6u1qr1empue

,.,: ,,, , rlalll o1 6ugua1s1;

{q sEugpafs.a;doad Inoqp }no purf ua$o uel a/l1 Z

'aperl lPql utqltrt pasn{1uo

sl lPrll

pasn l.uarp ro alep-Jo-1nopunos rtaql ase: ur .a6en6ue; u6larof p u! spro/v\ , , ,

6utm prone ol pas!^peua{o are sraueal '6u1;1rr* ,.]:J.,:,.,11,.l:€.-::,,

ul uprll uollesraruot .: t,,

ur uoruruorarou ale qlJq^\ sPror$

alp.xoq aql,ro.aqnl aql, ',I;;a1 aqg, a111

spro6 I

:,$olaq tsll aq+uorf sprom algEllns q11insqder6ered asaql u! sde6 aqf llll

;m1dl1. p saop/noH o

auorlpsra^uo: a:ef-o1-ateJe tuorf luaraffrp uorlpsraluol auoqde s! /v\oH .

iAlunor rnoi u1 luaraJfrp .uollesranuotr per;dl(1,e s! /hoH o

aar(o;drua pue ssoq suotlplarro spualrfaso;rrhaa sta6uerlsala;duor

:a;druexa rof 'are sluedlrryed aqg f1 ,tlluaralltp pua pue ur6aq .uollpsraluoJ 1er1dfi, e saopaoH o

:I;6ugproeee yeqrruo;f aql ldepe pue suollsanb asaql ssnrslc

apua rl saop/v\otlpue u;6aq .uossal qs;16u3

oii**

l F

qsgl6ug paruenpy a6puqurel ma1

/noqsol sao6 qrrqn - lned srpuagrJ gsaq asoq/v\ pu? l(:erg q11m

look againat 7.+.Rewrite thesesentences using -rrg forms or pastparticiptes.

1 Albert Sukoffwrotea long article,whichhe did withoutthe useof a single full stop.

2 The first islandwhich wasdiscovered

or pAsrpARTtctpLEs

,i L

by columbuswasone of theBahamas.

3 As soonassherealised whathadhappened

thepolice.

4 You mightrotateyour forefinger againstyour temple,whichindicates

shecalled

'a screw loose'.

5 You mightrotateyour finger close

to your temple,which signals

thatthe brainisgoinground andround.

whichphonanumbor Vu gaveme,wal notveryhelpfut

2 Tnomost important

point whathomadewas

lhaiwarhouldapproach

eachcullurewith anopenmind.

3 Thapo-lson,

whom

I 5p0Ke

io,uras

rather rudaihatupselme

'tha workwouldhavo boon

4 Thanks

1o?atwithout

vrhoholp

imporsible

5 Lon$dered

tha'i 1ou're coc\ev?'r

and 1ou're

thaona,

thaiknow all "iha anewarr

l'msurprised

1ou got

it \^rrOng

Expand each line of notes into one sentence to make a complete storf, using -rrg forms,

past participles or relative clauses.All these events happened in the pAST.

1 David siayswithus - findsout paul andTracy's

absolutely

furious

- pushes

over table - knocks

bestglasses

tofloor

4 Whilepicks upbrokenglass

- cutsfinger - starts bleedin.q

5 Handkerchief

frompocket

- wraps

roundcut

6 Aftergathers

upbrokenpieces

- pieces

on floor - apologises

7 Realises

how stupid - of{ers

toreplace

brokenglasses

8 Intends buyusnewset - knows

theyaregood qualityones

- goes

tostore

!ntown - storehasgood stock

roundstore

- discovers

glasses

veryexpensive

- gives himquite ashock

- careful

t0 Sincebreakingglasses

tokeep

temper!

Gestures

Reading

Readthese two extracts from Manwatching by Desmond Morris. Then note down your

answers to questions t to 7 opposite.

r-]

is any actionthat sendsa visualsignalto an

onlooker.Tobecomea gesture, an act hasto beseenby

someoneelseand has to communicate

is not*ttat

signals we think wearesendingout,butwhatsignalsare

beingreceived.

some pieceof

Theobservers

of our actswill makeno

information

to them.It cando this eitherbecause

the

distinctionbetween

our intentionalPrimaryGestures

and

-1

- aswhenhe

waveshishand - orit candoit onlyincidentally

setsoutto senda signal

incidentalones.In someways,our

IncidentalGestures

- as rvhen

arethemoreilluminating

of thetrvo,

hesneezes.

Thehand-wave

isa PrimaryGesture,

because

onlyforthevery

factthatte donotthinkofthemas gestures,

r-/

has no otherexistence

or function.It is a piece of

andtherefore

donotcensorandmanipulate

themsostrictll:

to usetheterm 'gesfure'

communication

fromstafitofinish.Thesneeze,

bycontrast,

Thisis whyit ispreferable

asan 'observed

in its

(

isasecondary,

or Incidental Gesture.

Itsprimary

function

ru'ider meaning

action'.

A corlenient*ay to distinguish

mechanical

and is concerned

with the sneezer's

personai

between

Incidentaland

I doit if I

breathing

In itssecondary

role,howeveq

it cannot

PrimaryGestures

is to askthe question:Would

is No,thenit is a

PrimaryGesture. Wedonotwave,winkor pointwhenweue

bl' ourselves;

helpbut transmita message

to his companions,

warning

werecompletely

alone?

If the answer

themthathemayhavecauglitacold.

ilIost people

tendtolimittheiruseoftheterm 'gesture'

not.that is, nnless we havereached

the

theprimary

form - thehand-ra,ave

type - butthismisses an

unusualcondition

oftalkinganimatedly

to ourselves.

Another technique for adding extrainformation isto usePRESENT

Find the erro6 in thesesentences and correct them:

1 the pgrbon,

plans

wk)z :tryag wkh ^s, Davtl,fowl, *r atoft pla^I aki, trncy'splau.

2 Hearsaboutplans - upsetandangry

3 Feels

ofglassware

9 Looks

important point.Whatmatterswithgesturing

GESTUKES

A gesture

our unintentional,

gesturerdeliberately

problem.

'irlunor urnornol uorf auoauoso+ oNv uosradqslllrg

e ol ueau l{61ru sarnlsa6aqr to qrpa }€qrn 1ssan6

ro) aplrap puP sarn}tld asaql lP {oo't

oiiii

alqel p uosra6ulfrno,{6u1dde16urfJ;us 6ulq6rs peaqrno,(6ulqrlerls sd1;

rnort6uq:;1

lstun s.auoaulos

6u1qqer6 squernol 6uplof pf rno{ 6ugq:uap 1eorql rnol Eupeap 6uqutlq

:i1a1eraq11ap

auopar?,bq1uaqn ueaursarnlsa6

irelun;orulareurne{e PuP azaausP 'taltltrt at* o}oulProffv o

gsarnpa6fuetupdaarqlpup - sarn;sa6

asaqlop lpr{/v\.sarn}sa6

;e1uap;ruf

leluaplru!fo salduexa arou aarql fo rlut,lrnor(ue3 o

:suollsanb

asaq+

'sn)s!G oii

asarnlln) luarafflp fo sarnlsa6aql ueal plnoqs auo lsa66ns rallrrn aql saop/v\oH L

graFurfarofaqt fo drgaql qll/Y\

luerurnog g

;ifrprdnls rof aqprsaprallrmaqlsaopsu6gs garafJlp lueu rvrog g

auopras r$ll aql fo pua aql lp pasnuolltpu$ lbnsnun aserqdaql s;,(qm t

its!, Pasler e s1a.rn1sa6

p;garta

ramolaql6u1q:nol

fo arnlsa6aqprof aqlr]sapralluy\aqlsaopsEulueau guarafflp

fo Pu;1 leqm €

;urnei e sgarnlsa6,o Purl leqA Z

auouruol u! a^pqpupqaql fo aaeal€ pueazaause op letl/y\ t

qrroyj puousag .(q 6uwe^aPw voq

Jlaql uJual

puzpurr uado uz qtpr arru1nrqrza qruorddu0l sl uolnlos

Jlaqlplno^\ auos?saJrusag

rrloqrur(g

'p?aqaJoJ

eql ssoJJ? pg ra8ugalo;auo 3u{u1'l-o

'puzq

B git$ror

'iadpasoplpq 1o ruo4 ulur*p qy dn puzq

pesmr

,{tuo'a,lt 'aJnllnJ ol aJnlpl tuo{ a^ou a^ls? 'uolll? aums

aqt[q pallzuSls

'utna;0; pasruraql Jo A\oqlaaql buldd?lsu qlns

'Sursquor pug plno,llurry .lno'ui e.a.r

aq,{ztu s8utuzaur

Jo 'suo11lu

ruaJeJJIp

aqr'8u1dtlzg

qlll{ \ 'sarnlsa8 dttptdrus

l?Ja^es

lnq 'suouJ?

:pauJa)uol

aJz saJnlsa9

Jfaqla ?q plno,n[aq1 'lou plno'{\ sJaqlo

aq,tzuSupuau auoJaqlle

lq pa11zu31s

prol u,r,ro

rlszqolt1 We\ pe)E.ar? a'&\oS

'a-rnllnr

plno'taldoadrfJl#

clioqru'tgaraqa sualqo'rd

isiqr pu?lsrapun

iis,itJrrol-l1a;tr

rzlnrnrzd duzutarrusa8

'aldrual

eql Jolius{Oqru,is

aqti(qpatuasa.ldai

Suraq

'bradord

,Sulaas'

ou?DUnoJ

ou? punoJ 3u1o8

q uI?JqaqlPql 8um?u8ls

q ll as?Juq)nsul 'auidulul olanl

rno,( aplo'l tq81ru nod^'d1a^lruJallv

I rtoor ^trtt u, Sripzqpul

aslcird a4,uoul01

lno['ot asolr ra8uua'lo;

I pq^{qn 1, lo ',1n0

-rooi furt.lt u daay,Jo ',sada drua,raqaq

ra4o duz lsorup Jo ',aas

lzlluassa

'aldua1 rno'{-1sup8z

no,( pdld 3u1aai

;a8utJaro;

l.uuJ L Jo ',aas 1 'sa1,

no,{'rzap aroru Supzauraq} a{?tu

o1 qniq aq1o1 1ulod ot sl saop dztaql lN, '{uPrqsI euoauos

iiqt gur*tpur uaq,t8ulql aLuzs

moi isuttr pualsu; 1q31ur

aql lzql os 'Sutqlou

s'{zs uoprzaql

,t.uotaquzl aSzssaru

,rat'Ilia

'in,li'puo,tng

'uu8ro 8u1aas

o1loqu{s

z szadaaql;o aruzgodtur

aql[1as1card

oP ttF:* Tl-t]-"]l

aql 'a'b aql otSupulod

trztnrtu qrq osp slql lnq 'a1dua1

ruirJrrr uiql ,rot ou Surops rarnlsa8

rnotr

lsupbz JabulJaJoJ

Jno^

J0 sotqJiuarvddz sl$ JoJ

uosuu aql i{ttpulurn ro ra8uvp

'pualsul 11npu

aldutrssl s8utu-raut

u 3o Ntptdnls

r'tziuatttottt

dut tq8ttu no,(

[qt1uaq.

'lranas'ssauuep

'ruslr[dars 'lsnrlslu 'luauaar8u 'p,rorddz Jagaqqp uzau

'ssaulgz'tl

plol lng '10p1 a8lll^

lo lz^ aittiro n 1ou s ,{corpt

rqraupnrrpur

qrunzl trppr

e o1u1

u 1o aru1ry

p)lrlzaql pepoolqJlnJ

u?J 'salrunoJ Jaqlosnop?^ ut 'uouf,? eucs slql 1ng '"ra8ugarol

rqt p du tqr qrr.l'r ptp,ta ra,rrol-aql Suqrnol '{q paguuSls

aqui;r[rpldnrs ?lquJv

Suqoorp

'aruvlsut

lc1i8ts luaps ualeur nodplno'lt

roJ lroH

noi i,trrBrdnn

aldruls

ou *q'rrqr &;pni rzlsqu ;u saroputerrusac rlloqrul5 y

strunJsfl,

'stuaura^oul

puzspafqo;o plJoi&

aqlu1 luap'r1nba

auoa)ploI 'salJluno]

1u'rra{1p"ut s8uirirruara$lp i(1ptoruuau spu8ts 'furprdnts

aruos-tuqt

Ipn?S ul 'aldruuxa

)nogwAs

llq aql ,(q papr;ldtuolJequru sl u0wnlls aql

paruenpv a6prrgure3 map

,i.mpqzro,l

[g 'qSnoua

qs116u3

llAus,

Mornmathe'

,fromTemu

tu0l1

f1l|lA[t

You iust don't understand!

Reading

Readthetwoextractsanddecidewhichwritermakes--''ffi*-a-

the following points: fohn Gray;6, Deborah Tannen

"**"ffi#*-

Dr- or neithet of them N.

l0Hil GMI

their motives arebad if they'redoing their best'

2 Longago menandwomen lived inharmony'

3 Menand women are neverin full agreement'

4 Menand womenwill still have arguments'

5 communication can improve if youtakethe blamebut not if you blame yourpartnel'

6 People don't liketo be told theyare behaving in the wrong way'

TThecauseofdisharmonybetweenmenandwomenisthewaytheyspeak.

8 Thecause of disharmony is forgetting womenand men aredifferent'

9 Womenand men are constantly disappointed in each other'

10 Women and men come from different planets'

1l Women and men do speak the same language'

12 Women and men should respecttheir differences'

13 Wonren expect men to become more like women' and vice versa'

1 Don't tellsomeone

thatmen arefromMars andwomenare fromVenus'

OnJ Cuylong agothe Martlans,

to b€

different. menano womenareat oddswith eachother'We

usually become angryorfrustrated withthe opposltesex

because we haveforgotten this important truth' V'''

expectthe oppositesex to be more likeourselves'

Without the awareness

that we are supposed

looking

through

their

Just Slimpsing

the

telescopes,

discovered

the Venusians

theyhad neverknown fteyfell

Venusians

awakened

feelings

\!e

desire themto "want what we want"and "feel thewa"

wefeel".

We mistakenly

inlove and quickly

invented

space

traveland flewtoVenus'

witlropenarms'

TheVenusians

welcomed

theMartians

l.-

thatthis daywouldcome Their

hearts opened widetoa love theyhadnever

Theyhad intuitively

known

feltbefore

assume

thatifour partners

love ustfi€\'

incertain ways - the wayswerea;

andMartians was

will reactandbehave

lhe love betweenthe Venusians

and behave whenwe love someone Thisattitudesets Ls

upto be disappointed

in being togethe[doing thin8s

tog.tn.r and sharing together though from different

worlds,

magical. Theydelighted

againandagain and preverts

l._

lovinS':\

they reveled

intheirdifferences'

They spentmontns

from takingthe necessary

time to communlcate

a[routourdiflerences.

Menmistakenly

their

andappreciating

learning

about eachothet exploring

to think,communlcaie.

and reactthe way mendo; womenmistakenly expeci

mentofeel, communicate,

expect women

andbehavior patterns'For

different neecjs, preferences,

!nloveand harmony'

rhen ihey decided to fly to Eath ln the beginning

everlthing waswonderful andbeautiful' Butthe effects of

Earth's atmosphere

yearsthey livedtoSether

andrespond

thewaywo!''lei

do.We haveforgotten

thatmenand womenaresupposec

are fllledwitn

tookhold, andonemornlng everyone

woke upwltha peculiar

to be different.

Asa result ourrelationships

-se/ecfive

amnesnl

unnecessary

friction andconflict.

kindof amnesia

these differences

and respecting

recognizing

thattney were

from different planetsandweresupposed

for8ot

Clearly

Boththe Martians

and Venusians

reducesconfusion when dealingwith- the

oooosite sex.When youremember

to be different'

dramatically

thatmen aretrom

Marsand womenare fromVenus, everythingcan b€

explained.

theyhadlearned abouttheir

ln onemorning everything

fromtheir memory'And since

that

differences

waserased

daymen andwomen havebeenin conflict'

-i{g{.gf"iEc4{*}lgrlits$!str*:Jlstg8j:r:!ffi:riii".1}:s':1i''r;q*:l{?:,.

}l{ r:'liii

htafr it'en Atefrom tla$ Wonen Are hom yetue by lohi c:a '

;,,'.

tellus we are doingthings n'rongand should

changeourbehavior

operating withinadifferent system,

speaking

'dialect']

adifferent

genderlect

[i.e. a male'dialect'

andafemale

- whicl-rusr.lallv

sounc'ls

easier

than it

is,Can genderlect

be taught?Can

An obvious question

to be. Sensitivity

training

judges men b,vw-omen's

tufns"out

If they.r'ant to

sryles?

trfingto getthemto talk ntorelike women

Assertivenesi

peoplechange

theirconversational

standards,

can - to anextent. Butthosewhoask this

question rarel,v

ves.-theY

trilning iudges womenbvmen's standards

andtries to getthem to ulk more likemen' Nodoubt,many

peoplecanbe helpedby learning

ri,ant to change

their ownstyies'Usualh'

tobe moresensitlve

their partnenforrepar:

Thev'd lke to gethim orherto change'Changing

in mindissending

one's

Butfew peoplearehelped bybeingtold

they aredoingeverithing allwrong. Andthere nlavbe iittle

wrong withnihat peoplearedoing, evenif thel'ale t.inding

up iirgurnents. The problemma,vbe thateachpaftner

nroreassertive.

it isnot iust hos t'

ownstyle isfailessappealing,

because

actbui who i'ou feelyourself

to be' Thereforeamore.

istolearn howto interprel eachotner 5

realistic approach

lmagine

tr{anvexoefts

whatthey have

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: