Jacobson, Michael D. - Pros and Cons. The Debater's Handbook.pdf - speaking - alisja

PROS & CONS

A DEBATER'S HANDBOOK

SEVENTEENTH EDITION BY

Michael D. Jacobson

CONTENTS

PREFACE TO THE SEVENTEENTH EDITION

ADVERTISING, PUBLIC CONTROL AND

TAXATION OF

ANARCHISM

ANIMALS, RIGHTS OF

(and the Animal Liberation Front)

ARCHITECTURE, MODERN: Has It Lost Its Way?

ARMAMENTS, LIMITATION OF

CONVENTIONAL

AWARDS FOR ARTISTIC ACHIEVEMENT:

Too Much of a Good Thing?

15*

BIRTH CONTROL: VOLUNTARY OR

COMPULSORY?

First edition by J. B. Askew

published in 1896

Seventeenth edition published in 1987 by

Routledge 6- Kegan Paul

Reprinted in 1992, 1993, 1996 by Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Set in Linotron Sabon

by Input Typesetting Ltd, London

and printed in the British Isles

by the Guernsey Press Co Ltd

Cuemsey, Channel Islands

O Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd 1987

if printed or reproduced or utilized in any form or

l>v any electronic, mechanical, or other means,

now known or hereafter invented, including

fihotocopying and recording, or in any information

norage or retrieval system, without permission in

a riting from the publishers.

BIRTH RATE, HIGH

BISHOPS: Should They Be Excluded

from the House of Lords?

BLOOD SPORTS: Should They Be Abolished?

BRITISH COMMONWEALTH:

Is It a Reality? Can It Survive?

BROADCASTING, PUBLIC CONTROL OF

CABINET GOVERNMENT

CALENDAR REF'ORM

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT, RESTORATION OF

CENSORSHIP

CHANNEL TUNNEL:

Should the Project Be Scrapped?

CHRISTENDOM, REUNION OF

CHURCHES: Should They Take Part in Politics?

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

CLASSICS (LATIN AND GREEK) IN EDUCATION

CLOSED SHOP: Should It Be Banned?

COALITION GOVERNMENT

u'BN 0-415-0846 J-X

CO-EDUCATION

COMMERCIAL RADIO: Should It Be Abolished?

56 '

COMMON CURRENCY

COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS

CONTENTS -

MILITARY TRAINING, COMPULSORY:

Should It Be Restored?

CONTRACEPTION FOR GIRLS UNDER 16

CO-OPERATION: Compared with Capitalism

CO-OPERATION: Compared with Socialism

CO-PARTNERSHIP IN INDUSTRY

CORPORAL PUNISHMENT: Should It Be Retained?

DEGENERACY OF MODERN CIVILISATION

DELEGATION v. REPRESENTATION

DIRECT ACTION (The Use of Industrial Strikes to

Affect Political Issues)

DIRECTION OF LABOUR

DISESTABLISHMENT OF THE CHURCH OF

ENGLAND

DIVORCE

DIVORCE, EASIER: Has It Gone Too Far?

EIGHTEEN-YEAR-OLD MPs

EUTHANASIA: Should It Be Legalised?

EXAMINATIONS: Should They Be Abolished?

FASCISM: Should It Be Outlawed in Britain?

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT

FULL EMPLOYMENT

GAMBLING, MORALITY OF

HOMOSEXUALS, SOCIAL RECOGNITION OF:

Has It Gone Too Far?

IMMIGRATION: Should The Present Restrictions

Be Lifted?

INDETERMINATE SENTENCES FOR

PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS

INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION

INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

INTELLIGENCE TESTS

INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LANGUAGES

INTERNATIONALISM

IRELAND: Should Ulster Join Eire?

JURY SYSTEM: A Serious Need for Reform?

LAND, NATIONALISATION OF

LIQUOR LAWS: Should They Be Relaxed?

LORDS, REFORM OF THE HOUSE OF

LOTTERIES

MARRIAGE AS AN INSTITUTION:

Is It an Outmoded Concept?

MINORITIES, RIGHTS OF

123

MOTOR TRAFFIC: Should It Be Restricted?

126

MULTI-NATIONAL FIRMS

129

NEWSPAPERS: Should They Be Reformed?

133

NUCLEAR WEAPONS:

Should They Be Banned Completely?

135

OLYMPIC GAMES: Back to Square One?

137

PACIFICISM

139

PARLIAMENT, REFORM OF: Devolution

141

PARTY GOVERNMENT

142

77 V

79 V

PAYMENT BY RESULTS IN INDUSTRY

144

POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT:

Are Tougher Laws Needed?

PREMATURE BURIAL:

Are the Safeguards Inadequate?

144

PRESERVATION OF BEAUTY SPOTS AND SITES

OF SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC INTEREST:

Are the Laws Inadequate?

150

PRISON REFORM

152

PRIVATE MEDICINE

160

PRIVATISATION

162

PROFIT-SHARING

166

PROHIBITION

167

PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION

168

PSYCHO-ANALYSIS

171

102

103

105

106

108

110 1

113

115

117

119

PUBLIC OPINION POLLS

173

PUBLIC SCHOOLS

175

PUBLIC TRANSPORT, FREE

177

RATING REFORM

178

RECALL OF REPRESENTATIVES

181

THE REFERENDUM, MORE USE OF

182

REGISTRATION, NATIONAL, IN PEACE-TIME

186

RELIGIOUS TEACHING IN SCHOOLS

187

SCHOOL-LEAVING AGE:

Should It Be Lowered Again?

188

SCHOOL SPORT, COMPULSORY

190

SCIENCE: Is It a Menace To Civilisation?

191^

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

192^

121'

Vll

125

157

CONTENTS •

SECOND BALLOTS

SINGLE-CHAMBER GOVERNMENT

SOCIAL SERVICES CONSCRIPTION (FOR BOTH

SEXES)

SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM

SOFT DRUGS, LEGALISATION OF

SPACE EXPLORATION: International Only?

SPECULATION, SUPPRESSION OF COMMERCIAL

SPELLING REFORM

SPIRITUALISM

STATE MEDICAL SERVICE

STATE-REGISTERED BROTHELS

STERILISATION OF THE UNFIT

SUNDAY ENTERTAINMENT; SUNDAY

SHOPPING

SURROGATE MOTHERS

TAXATION, DIRECT, ABOLITION OF

TAXATION OF SINGLE PEOPLE

TERMINATION OF PREGNANCIES, LEGALISED

TERRORISM

THEATRES: Are They In Need of Reform?

TIED (PUBLIC) HOUSES, ABOLITION OF

TRADE UNIONS:

Do Their Powers Need Further Restriction?

UNEMPLOYMENT, STATE REMEDY FOR

UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION

UNITED STATES OF EUROPE

UNIVERSITY REFORM

-VACCINATION

-f VEGETARIANISM

VIVISECTION AND EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS

VOTING, COMPULSORY

WAR: Is It Desirable?

WAR: Is It Inevitable?

x WOMEN, MARRIED, MORE JOBS FOR

' WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENTS:

Are They Too Aggressive?

WRITTEN CONSTITUTION

193

194

197

198

207^

209

211

212

213 l

217

219

221

PREFACE TO THE

SEVENTEENTH EDITION

The object of Pros & Cons is to give debaters a useful guide to

for-and-against arguments on a wide range of controversial

issues. It not only provides up-to-date material on the standard

subjects long familiar to debating societies but also covers many

newly urgent topics - to the extent, it is hoped, that anyone

reading right through the book would emerge with a fair idea

of the contemporary climate of society and most of the principal

political, social, industrial, educational and moral questions of

the day.

All the opposing arguments, numbered successively, appear

in adjacent columns, so that (as far as possible) each Pro corre-

sponds with the relevant Con. For the sake of convenience, the

debating subjects are arranged in alphabetical order, even

though this may sometimes result in a separation of subjects

which logically ought to go together. Attention is always drawn,

however, to any themes related to each other, through cross-

references both in the text and in the Index. The opinions and

factual details in the debates could not possibly be comprehen-

sive but are intended, rather, as guidelines which the debater

could develop or which might suggest other points worth

exploration.

This is the seventeenth edition of Pros & Cons, which was

first published in 1896 and has since been revised at regular

intervals, often so substantially that later versions bear only

minimal resemblance to their predecessors. In the preface to the

sixteenth edition, published in 1977,1 expressed doubt whether

the pace of change since the previous one, which appeared in

1965, had ever before required such a large volume of modifica-

223

225V

227

229

230

231

233

235

237

240

241

244

246

248

250

253

258

259

261

262'"

265

272

INDEX

275

vui

-PREFACE TO THE SEVENTEENTH EDITION

tions and entirely new matter. That view must now be applied

equally to the present book. Since 1977, at least 15 debating

subjects have disappeared entirely. Anglo-French political

imperatives have decisively reversed the debate on whether the

Channel Tunnel project should be restored; whether nudism

should be permitted in allotted public places has been rendered

uncontroversial by franker modern moralities; sharp commercial

realities have made a nonsense of such questions as whether

Britain could retain any truly amateur sports. Even among titles

which have been repeated, very few have escaped radical alter-

ation to their texts.

It is a sad commentary on trends in British life, all too

frequently taking their cue from Parliament itself, that it has

become so much more common for issues to be 'politicised' -

for reasoned argument to give way, on one side or the other, to

the confrontational. But one consolation, at least, is the nature of

those topics which, as a reflection of changing public perceptions

about their relative importance, are not merely virtually new in

detail but also, often, well over double their previous lengths.

To cite just a few examples: the rights of animals, blood sports,

the British Commonwealth, public control of broadcasting, the

jury system, pollution of the environment and the preservation

of beauty spots and sites of special scientific interest.

Among official bodies to which the reviser gratefully acknowl-

edges help with information and debating points are the British

Field Sports Society, the Countryside Commission, the League

Against Cruel Sports and the Nature Conservancy Council. The

many individuals to whom his thanks are due for their sugges-

tions and advice include, in particular, PDB, IB, Harry Coen,

GJJ, Judith Judd, ML, G. L. Leigh, D. A. Orton, Andrew

Samuels and the Timpsons.

PROS & CONS

ADVERTISING, PUBLIC

CONTROL AND TAXATION OF

Pro: (1) The case for public control is

demonstrated above all by th/5 general

lack of trust in advertising now

evident. Only new legislation, and the

creation of a State-backed controlling

body with 'teeth' to impose penalties

on offenders, will ease the present

widespread public suspicion of adver-

tising - notably as regards its cost,

waste of manpower and material, and

ihe belief that too many advertise-

ments, if not actually dishonest, are

downright misleading. The fact that

i lie Advertising Standards Authority

I,lunched a national campaign,

inviting members of the public to send

in complaints if they saw a Press,

|ioster, cinema or direct mail adver-

tisement which they believed to have

liroken the Code, was a clear recog-

nition of the likelihood that such

Kinrraventions are still to be found.

(2) The expense of advertising adds

Kic.itly to overall production costs and

ilius to the prices of goods or services

wlicti they reach the public. Too much

money is spent on advertising, in

H-Liiion to the scale of any benefits it

niiiy bring in making products known

ui giving people information they

urmnnely wish or need to acquire.

Con: (1) Advertising is perhaps the

most closely regulated form of

communication in the UK. There are

more than 80 statutes which affect

what people may do or say in adver-

tisements. Print advertising is

governed by the British Code of

Advertising Practice, administered by

the Advertising Standards Authority.

Television and radio 'commercials'

come under the auspices of the Inde-

pendent Broadcasting Authority. The

control of print advertisements is

described as voluntary and means that

the industry is responsible for ensuring

that no advertisements break the Code

- so there is considerable moral

pressure on everyone to conform to it.

If an advertisement is published which

breaks the Code, the ASA takes

immediate steps to have the ad with-

drawn or corrected and to make it

known publicly that the Code has

been breached. The system has the

support of consumer organisations

and is one of the most efficient and

effective ways of controlling advertise-

ments and protecting the consumer

from misleading advertising.

(2) Businessmen are always seeking

the lowest costs they can find. For

M.D.J.

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