new_york_tribune_boundaries_of_old_russian_poland_13july_1919.pdf

The Sore Spots of Middle Europe Fourteen Districts in Which Lie

¦*¦ -"-*-'. -«-«7-LÍ7

¡What Remains To Be Done at the

The No Man's Lands of the Balkans

The Germs of Future Hostilities

Peace Conference Is Far More

There Is Possibility of an Alliance

| of Germany, Russia and Italy

Than What Has Already Been

Done.Many Danger Spots

By Frank II. Simonds

in the Complex Balkan Prob¬

lem That Awaits Solution

IT IS, perhaps, a mere truism to

remark that what remains to he

done at the Paris Conference is

far more considerable alike in bulk

and in importance than what has

been accomplished in th« treaty with

Germany. Still, there may be a cer-i

tain surprise in pointing out that the

treaty recently signed disposes of

less than 10 per cent of the territory

which must be apportioned before

the work of making peace is ever,

while the population awaiting alio-

cation is something like seventy

millions, as compared with the less

than seventy millions divided in the

Versailles settlement.

The Allies, who have conquered

Germany and imposed their peace

terms upon her, have now to sepa¬

rate Austria-Hungary into its com¬

ponent racial parts, deal with the

Kusso-Polish problem, the Russo-

Rumanian question, bring about a

settlement so far as England is con¬

cerned, dispose of the tangled prob¬

lem of Constantinople and the

6hores of the Straits and impose

peace terms upon Bulgaria.

Must Reconcile

Racial Disputes

Not less difficult is the task of

reconciling the disputes between the

separate races on which the several

provinces of Austria are to be be¬

stowed, accommodating the acute

quarrel between the southern Slavs

and the Italians, and thus bringing

a little order and calm out of that

great central chaos which now ex¬

tends from the Baltic to the Mgean

and from the Adriatic to the Black

Sea. Until these things are accom¬

plished thc-Ve can be no peace in Eu¬

rope, rind in the accomplishment of

eyen a temporary arrangement there

may be sown the seeds of many

future wars.

To begin at the beginning, there

js the Russian problem. It may be

{divided into two equally important

Varis; there is the question of Rus¬

sia itself and the question of the

various races on the fringe of the

raised; if Russia were conquered

after a war waged against Britain,

France and Italy, then terms like

those imposed upon Germany would

be. possible. But neither the one nor

the other condition is fulfilled. Rus¬

sia was long an ally, and a useful

ally; she finally collapsed and made

a separate peace; but does this jus¬

tify her recent allies in treating her

as an enemy and dividing her terri¬

1,500,000 and there is not any race

in the many who inhabit it which

has a clear majority. The Ruma¬

nians outnumber the German?,

Serbs and Magyars, who are all

thejj» in considerable numbers, biff

the Germans and the Magyars com¬

bined would outnumber the Ruma¬

nians. Moreover, the southwestern

districts are Serb, the northwest¬

ern Magyar, but to give these dis¬

tricts to the Serbs and the Magyars

would be to deprive the Rumanians

living in the uplands of their

natural and necessary means of

communication to the Theiss and

Danube rivers, by which* they ex¬

port their produce.

Rumania Claims

All of the Banat

Now the Rumanians claim all the

Banat and have to support their

claim a separate, secret treaty with

the Western allies. It was a part

of the reward promised them for

entering the war. But when they

entered they were betrayed, de¬

feated and compelled to make a

separate peace. Does this invali¬

date the. pledge given by the

Western allies? At least the Ru¬

manians deny it. But the Serbs

assert this to be the caseT point to

the fact that the population of the

districts claimed is Serb, and would

vote for union with the new Jugo¬

slav state, and argue that Mr. Wil¬

son does not recognize secret trea¬

ties anyway. Then the Magyar.;

claim the district about Szegedin,

which is Hungarian, on the same

ground of self-determination. As

for the Germans, close to half a

million in number, they seem re

signed to losing in any case.

If the Western Allies recognize

Serbian claims and fail to accepl

Rumanian claims in Bessarabia, Ru

mania will make an alliance witr

Italy, which has a dispute with ttu

Jugo-Slavs on her hands. More

over, Bulgaria, despite her quarre

with Rumania over the Dobrudja

might easily be placated by a prom

ise of the Macedonian territory

she has waged three wars to ac¬

quire, and then we should have ;

new Balkan problem on our hand:

at once. To suppose that the West

ern powers would go to war agaii

to save Serbia is to suppose the

impossible, but this is exactly whi:

would be necessary if the league oi

nations were to be preserved at all

Problem to Atone

For Wrongs Done

But. if the Serbs are denied their

part of the Banat, if this injury is

added to the wrong, the palpable

wrong, already done in the hinter

lands of Trieste, where half a mil¬

lion Slavs have been turned over tc

Italy, and to the probable wrong tc

be done, under the terms of the

Anglo-French-Italian secret treatj

affecting Dalmatia, then we shal

have exactly the same menace tc

world peace that Serbia constitutec

from the Congress of Vienna dowr

to the assassination at Serajevo

when the whole world was em

broiled. Moreover, Italy and Ruma

nia, two Latin states, with strong

sympathies and a common enemy

might easily find a basis of agree

ment with Germany, looking for al

lies and necessarily prepared U

trade upon the differences and profi

Slavia and suppress Greece.

Both the latter frankly ask only

for what they are entitled to have

according to the famous Fourteen

Points. Italy and Rumania, on the

other hand, can point to the pledges

given by their allies in secret

treaties; moreover, in the matter of

Bessarabia, Rumania's claim is in¬

disputable.

There remains the dispute be¬

tween the Italians and the Jugo¬

tories, cutting her off from the Bal¬

tic; in effect, ratifying the. terms of

tlio treaty which her enemy Ger¬

many imposed upon her, swovd in

hand> at Brest-Li to\»fil<?

Unfortunately, the progress of

events at Paris already has resulted

in the permanent alienation of Italy;

slavs over Fiume and Dalmatia, the

merits of which are so well known

to my readers that I shall not re¬

peat former analyses here. But it

is an element in the larger culcula-

| tion. Italy is practically outside the

j western alliance now; she feels her-

nothing is more certain than that,

once the chance comes, Italy will re¬

turn to her old German alliance. To

insure that Russia, when she does

become a great power again, as she

almost certainly must, because of

the fashion in which her old allies

have treated her, shall also turn to

the Germans is to provide for a new

war, with every chance in favor of

a victory by the new alliance.

The real difficulty which con¬

fronts the men who have to carry

on the work of peacemaking is the

puzzle about Russia. We have rec¬

ognized the independence of Fin¬

land, but Kolchak flatly refuses to

recognize it on his part. We have

recognized the claim of Polaml to

freedom, which Kolchak also con¬

cedes, but what is to bo Poland's

eastern limit? The boundaries of

the old Russian Poland? But the

Polish armies are in Wilna, Minsk

and Kove!, fighting Bolshevist forces.

Certainly if Kolchak will not recog¬

nize the independence of Finland

he will not consent to the separa¬

tion of Lithuania, White Russia and

Volhynia from the old Muscovite

state.

Nor is the dispute merely be¬

tween the Pole and the Russian

here. Qn the contrary, the Poles

desire to restore the old confedera¬

tion between Lithuania and Poland,

while the Lithuanians desire uncon¬

ditional independence, and even if

this were granted there is still to be

settled the age-long difference be¬

tween two peoples as to their boun¬

daries. If the Paris conference

gives Poland White Russia and

Lithuania, it alienates the Russians

and the Lithuanians; if it does not,

it alienates the Poles. If it returns

the Lithuanians to Russia, it alien¬

ates both these people and the Poles

and does violence to the right of

self-determination of peoples.

Then there is the problem of Riga,

of Libau, of the provinces of the

Courland, Esthonia and Livonia,

with a certain minority of German

inhabitants and a strong separatist

sentiment. To take these away

from Russia would be to undo the

work of Peter the Great and le'avn

Russia without access to the Baltic.

New War Against

Russia Possible

But precisely these people are

asking, with Allied help, a gallant

fight against the Bolshevist Rus¬

sians; shall they be rewarded by

betrayal to the Russians? If they

are, they will unquestionably fight

with German aid.German troops

are still there.against Russia until

such time as Russia and Germany

come to terms over the whole set of

questions that concern them. ( It is,

then, no simple tangle, this problem

of the Baltic and Polish hinter¬

lands.

In the solving of it, the main ques

tion necessarily will be the self-in¬

terest of the Western powers. Ii

would be idle to expect Great Brit

ain and France to alienate Russia

by ceding her territories to Polana

and one or more independent Baltic

states, thus insuring a speedy com¬

bination of Russia and Germany tc

undo this work.

The fact ' that every Europear

recognizes and most Americans dis

regard is that the German victory

over Rus'sia destroyed the balance

of power in Europe, which was re

stored only when we sent great

armies to the Continent. Thest

armies have mostly departed; theii

return under any cirmustances i;

at least problematical ; therefore, i<

is of Utmost importance to the West

em powers, if they are to exist, t(

prevent an alliance between Russir

and Germany, which would be al

most irresistible. This can b<

avoided only, if at all, by so framinf

the terms of peace as not to dis

xatisfy the Russia of to-morrow

which, one must assume, will b<

strong and mindful of its histori«

greatness.

That is w>y the whole Russiar

¡ self badly treated; she resents Pres-

ident Wilson's criticism; she feels,

not unjustly, that her European al-

lies have sided with the President

rather than with her. If Germany

is sullenly revengeful, Italy is open-

iy dissatisfied; therefore no solution

of the Adriatic problem that she

would even consider would do jus-

tice to' Slav rights and no solution

which ignores Slav rights can per-

manently satisfy the great nation of

southern Slavs, including the best

fighting race in Europe, which is

destined to rise on the eastern

shores of the Adriatic. Nor can we*

expect the Greeks ever to accept

definitely the loss of northern Epi¬

rus or the islands of the .'-gean,

which have been Hellenic in history

The black areas are disputed territories the disposition of which must still he decided by the Peace

since the very beginning of history.

These circumstances explain Eu¬

ropean despair in the presence of

the

Conference

problems of

peacemaking.

'But," my American friends argue,

'the league of nations will arrange

everything.'' But how can the league

of nations reconcile the Serbs to the

loss of hundreds of thousands of

Slavs to Italy, the Greeks to the sur-

problem has continued to paralyze

the Paris conference. A mistake,

tRe "backing of the wrong horse,"

would be fatal. Lloyd George and

Wilson were willing to flirt with Lé¬

nine, some months ago, because

neither was directly exposed to Rus¬

sian invasion if the reactionary fac¬

tion regained control, but France is;

has been invaded by Russians at

least twice in a little more than a

century, and France was always op^

posed to that man.uvre which ended

ingloriously in the Prinkipo fiasco.

We have, as a result of our, peace¬

making so far, alienated Italy and

created a sullen, resentful,'revenge¬

ful Germany. Both circumstances

were approximately inevitable: at

least there was no escape from the

German detail. To add to these a

Russia, destined to be again the

greatest power on the Continent,

would be for France and Great

Britain, with her Indian Empire and

her Mesopotamian colony, to com¬

mit suicide*

Poland Has Many

Troubles in Store

Therefore, it is not going to be

easy or rapid work, this settling the

eastern frontiers of Poland and Ru¬

mania and the future status of the

Baltic provinces. I should guess

that in the end Finland would be

confirmed in her independence, Po¬

land in the possession of not much

more than the old area of Russian

Poland, including Cholm, while Ru¬

manian possession of Bessarabia,

which exists, might be tolerated but

would hardly be sanctioned. That

is, it might be left for Rumania to

settle the dispute directly with Rus¬

sia, without, however, receiving in

advance any guarantee from the

Western powers, although no one

disputes the fact that the great ma¬

jority of the population are Ru¬

manian by race.

Even this summary retreat does

not, however, dispose of all the ques¬

tions affecting Poland. To-day Pol¬

ish armies are fighting the Ukraini¬

ans in Eastern Galicia, and there is

an historic dispute between these

peoples for the possession of East¬

ern Galicia, with Lemberg, the cap¬

ital, which is itself a Polish city, sur¬

rounded by a Ruther.ian speaking

country. Had Russia stayed in the

war she would have annexed all of

Galicia with the consent of the

Western powers, but what now?

First of all, will the Ukraine en¬

dure as a separate state or will it

revert to Russia? Should the West-

ern powers follow the German ex-

ample and recognize the independ¬

ence of the Ukraine or not? To

recognize would be to alienate the

Northern Russians and the Poles;

not to recognize might be to guess

wrong, for the Ukrainians might

gain liberty. But to bestow Eastern

Galicia upon the Poles would alien¬

ate both the Russians and the

Ukrainians and lead to serious con¬

sequences: Meantime the Poles

hold all of it, as'^a result of their

victories, and mean to hang on.

Then there is the dispute between

the Poles and the Czecho-Slovaks

over Teschen, a tiny'territory, im¬

mensely rich in minerals, lying be¬

tween Polish and Czech peoples at

the headwaters of the Oder and the

Vistula. A majority of the popula

tion is Polish, but the Czechs have

an economic necessity tö possess the

land, at least they allege such a

necessity, and the Paris conference

once conceded it to them. Then it

repented.

Two Slav Peoples

ticklish puzzle, which we may call

the Rumanian question. The new

Rumania is shaped something like

a square, and on each of its four

sides it has a near-war in progress.

On the east it disputes with the

Ukrainians and thus with the Rus-

sians the territory once comprising

the Russian province of Bessarabia.

On the north it is at odds with

Husigary over a vast area of Ru-

manian speaking lands, which it

has taken in recent months. On tho

sj^uth there is the old quarrel with

I render of nearly half a million Hel-

lenes to Italy and Italy's new ward,

With Daggers Drawn

Now the question is open again,

with the two Slav peoples at dag¬

gers drawn. To give it to one would

be to alienate the other, to estab

lish a separate state under the guar¬

antee of the league of nations would

be to alienate both and erect an in¬

defensible state, one more indefen¬

sible state in Europe, without any

desire for independence and with

absolutely no means of defending

its unsought independence or re¬

ceiving aid from the nations which

»would thus create it.

To sum up, then, the Allies, with

cur assistance, must give Poland an

eastern frontier, since they have

recognized its right to exist. To

do this they must assign Russian

territory to Poland, yet it is of

utmost importance that they do

not alienate Russian national senti¬

ment, drive a restored Russia into

German arms. *

The same problem must be faced

in dealing with Finland, the Baltic

provinces, Lithuania, while there

also is the grave danger incident tc

alienating the Poles, the Lithua

nians, the peoples of the Baltic

provinces and the Czecho-Slovaks

as each or all feel their own rights

under the Fourteen Points, abridgec

by the necessities of the Greai

Powers.

There remains an almost equalh

Albania? And how can the league

of nations reconcile Italy to permit¬

ting a new Slav state to rise

across the Adriatic or to consent¬

ing to the creation of a Greek state

which will doom all her hopes in the

Kgean and on the west coast of

Asia Minor, at the precise moment

when Britain and France, by the

new peace, are realizing their aspi-

rations, both in Syria and Mesopo-

tamia in Asia and in Egypt and

Morocco in Africa?

Americans See But

A Single Solution

Then, again, the American point

of view, influenced by the Fourteen

fild Russian state, which are seeking

Bulgaria over all of the Dobrudja

in general and the Southern Do-

brudja in particular. On the west

there is a new quarrel with the

Serbs over the western fringe of

the Banat.

For the Western powers to rec¬

ognize -Rumanian claims to Bessa¬

rabia would be to alienate Russian

opinion, precisely as in the north.

But to fail to recognize Rumanian

claims would be to deny the Four¬

teen Points, since the people are

Rumanian and have already self-

determined themselves to be such,

and, even more serious, to alienate

th.e Rumanian nation, which is des¬

tined to be one of the great powers

of the future in Europe, larger in

area than the mainland of Italy, and

capable of sustaining at least as

large a population. If Rumania

finds her claims denied, she unques¬

tionably will renounce her associa¬

tion with the Western powers; so

much she has already threatened

to do.

Then there is the dispute with the

Serbs over the Banat. Now the

Banat exists to confute the Four¬

teen Points. It has a population of

Ing permanent separation from Rus-

¡ia, precisely as the Danes, the

Poles and the people of Alsace-Lor¬

raine sougjit liberation from the

German yoke.

Policy on Russia

Is Complex Problem

As to Russia herself, what policy

will the Allies adopt? They can¬

not recognize Lénine and the Reds,

both because the things these people

represent are abhorrent to all of the

ideas of western civilization and be¬

cause, unless recognized by the out¬

side world, they will shortly collapse

of their own weight.

But if there is to be peace in Eu¬

rope there must be peace in Russia,

and to obtain peace in Russia it is

eninntial that the western powers

»hould find some substitute for the

anarchy and suicide of the Lénine

régime. Apparently the Allies now

are placing their hopes upon Kol-

chak, but this decision is arousing

protest in Britain and France,

where Kolchak is seen as a reaction¬

ary, and in neither country is there

any desire to restore in Russia the

tyranny of the old, stupid and cor¬

rupt régime, which has gone.

Granted that Kolchak can over¬

throw Lénine and Trotzky, however,

this only raises new problems. He

Will come to Moscow and Petrograd

a« the champion of a restored Rus-

rta, of a reunited Russia, and is it

conceivable that he will consent, that

Points, conceives that there is only

one just solution, and that such a

solution, if reached, will close the

debate. Unhappily, there are fre¬

quently at least 'two solutions con-

forming to justice as laid down by

the Fourteen Points, and in some

cases, as in the Banat, a situation

where the Fourteen Points have no

application, since self-determination

is impossible as a whole, and, if the

vote of the people be had in the vari¬

ous districts, commercial ruin will

result.

Finally there is the European

point of view, which no American-

k reckons with, the point of view of

the French and British, who have to

face the eventuality of a restored

Russia, the certainty of a vengeful

by the mistakes of the Paris Peaci

Conference.

There is also a Greek complicatioi

to be reckoned with. The Greek:

and Serbs have a treaty of allianci

against the Bulgarians and Greeci

claims the old .Egean coast of Bui

garia in western Thraee. In addi

tion, Greece has a quarrel with thi

Italians affecting northern Epirus

the Dodecanesus Islands, witl

Rhodes and the western shore o

Asia Minor, including Smyrna

Northern Epirus is Greek by right

but Italy has prevented Greece fron

occupying it, and now, as th

mandatory of Albania, occupies i

herself. The Dodecanesus an

Rhodes are Greek speaking, bu

Italy has held them since her Tr:

politan War. Finally, the wester

powers promised Smyrna to Italj

but have recently permitted Greec

to occupy it.

Thus the Balkans are beginnin;

to divide again, with Greece an<

Jugo-Slavia in ore camp and Ital;

Will America Adopt the Armenians?

Germany and the growing fact of a

thoroughly dissatisfied Italy, whose

dissatisfaction grows out of the re-

! jection of claims she holds %just,

which were agreed to by her allies,

but rejected by President Wilson, in

j accordance with his views of justice,

views which, in the abstract at least,

cannot be disputed.

If Germany, Russia and Italy

find a common basis for cooperation

in upsetting the present settlement

in Europe, where is the force coming

.r- ^

/ .'--

Greeks charge the Italians with secret¬

ly pricking on the Turks to attack the

Greeks. Constantinople is the key to

the Turkish problem, and the American

answer on the Constantinople mandatp

is matter of pressing importance.

American officials here formerly were

impressed by the argument that the

Sultan'g removal from Constantinople

would deeply offend the Mussulman

populations everywhere. They now

confess that fuller knowledge destroys

this case. The experts and scholars

who have been consulted declare that

Constantinople never has been consid¬

ered a sacred place by the Mussulmans,

still less the sacred city of Islam, for

it always has retained

New York Tribune

Special Cable Service

(Copyright, 1919. New York Tribuno Inc.)

PARIS, July 12.-Official circles ad-

mit that the sole reason fbr post¬

poning the Turkish problem is the

necessity of knowing whether America

will accept a mundate for Armenia, Con¬

stantinople and Asia Minor. It is un¬

derstood that before hjs departure

President Wilson told Clemenceau and

Lloyd George that he thought the Ar¬

menian mandate was feasible, but it

was utterly impossible to offer an

opinion in regard to Constantinople

and Asia Minor.

Constantinople Is

etanism, always have refused to

recognize the religious supremacy of

the Sultan, whi'e Mussulman authori¬

ties by their official acts and docu¬

ments avow that Constantinople has

preserved its Christian and Hellenic

character. When certain Moslems liv-

ing outside the frontiers of the Otto¬

man empire declare that the removal

of the Sultan from Constantinople

would wound #e susceptibilities of the

faithful, it merely means the. persist¬

ence ef the great Panislamic propa¬

ganda inaugurated by Abdul Hamid

and continued by the Young Turks at

the kaiser's instigation. The general;

world interest as well as the interest

of the powers governing the Mussul¬

man populations demand the removal

cf the Sultan aAd the liberation of Con¬

stantinople. To allow him to remain

on the Bosporus, either as Sultan or

Caliph, would be to recognize a power

which even those most particularly

concerned never recognized.

"To lose the opportunity of changing

the Sultan's place of residence would

permit the continuance of. a permanent

danger to the great powers as well as

to the Christian population

"It is necessary at the outset to

make a distinction. There will be two

different classes of states or communi¬

ties under mandate. There will be,

in the words of the covenant, 'those

colonies and territories which

bis countrymen will consent, to any

treaty by which the nations, yester¬

day Russian allies, shall have appor¬

tioned Russian territories between

i the several border states, erected a

.ew Poland, liberated Finland, allo-

* cated Bessarabia to Rumania and

»«cognized the independence of the

.everal tribes of the Baltic prov-

faces?

f May Join Germany

are inhabited by peoples not yet able

to stand by themselves under the

strenuous conditions of fthe modern

world.' And there will be 'certain

communities formerly belonging to

the Turkish Empire which have

reached a stage of development where

their existence as independent nations

can be provisionally recognized, sub¬

ject to the rendering of administrative

advice and assistance by a 'nandatary

until such time as they are able to

stand alone.' German East Africa is

an obvious instance of the first class,

Armenia of the secor.d.-

Thc Duties of u

Mandatary Nation

"It is clear that the civilized manda¬

tary power, whichever it be, in dealing

with nr African colony has two main

duties, Its primary duty is toward the

natives of the colony; its secondary

duty is toward the rest of Cue world.

"As for the duties of the mandatory

power toward the outside world, they

may be summed up in two words.the

maintenance of the. 'open door.' There

must be complete equality of commer¬

from to defeat them? Certainly

France and Great Britain cannot do

thijä. Even if we sent new millions

to Europe they would hardly arrive

I in time to save France from a new

invasion. As for the league of na-

tions. what power has it, outside of

the power of the nations which eon-

stitute a real part of it, and these

are Britain, France and ourselves?

Such briefly, then, is a conspectus

of some of the remaining problems

of peace; such is the unfinished

business before the Paris conference.

ence.

(Copyright, 1919, by The McClure Newspaper

Syndicate)

Bo Red i vide Poland

Instead of accepting such a situa-

; tlon, is it not almost inevitable that

the new Russia, the restored Russia,

will join hand» with Germany in a

Sew partition of Poland, in a new

arrangement «n the Baltic lands,

S which shall reproduce the situation

bwhkh has existed steadily since the

Policies of a great Russian and a

great Prussian, Peter and Freder¬

ick, brought Russia to the Baltic

and excluded Poland from the open

fea If Russia were condemned always

to he the thing It is, it would be easy

il« aettl« all th« question» now

Ke^ to tbe Problem

Armenian representatives here pro.

fess that they have reason to be hope¬

ful that America will assume a man¬

date. Meanwhile the urgency of a de¬

cision on the Turkish problem was ae-

centuatcd with the arrival of news

from official sources that the generals

commanding three Turkish forces in

Asia Minor.the first in Amsia and

Sivns, the second in Halikersi, where

they confront the Greeks, and the third

'in Konia, where they confront the

Itnlians.refuse to obey orders ema¬

nating from Constantinople, thus ren-

dering immediately possible

Christian

character.

The Turk never was more than a

temporary resident, and it is now urged

that the Sultan's departure will result

among other benefits in cleansing the

city of thousands of unproductive

hangers on living at the expense of

the population and constituting a

serious obstacle to the peace and

progress of the Orient.

Status of Sultan Is

Brought ' Into Question

Charles, a member of the Turkish

parliament and a noted authority on

Moslem law, declarea: "Medina and

Mecca, the chief centrée of Mahom-

and Rumania in a second, with Bu!

garia destined, it would Keem, t

join the Latin powers. But thi

makes a new Eastern question an

gives Germany a chance to .selec

partners from one pide or the othe

while the F'aris Conference, if

f R. Simpson s Co. Inc. *

^S«i

01" the

acts justly, must offend at least or

side, and probably.both, and ca

not enforce any decision it m¡

reach in any case since its writ \v

not run where it has no armies

go and it has no armies ttß flg

143 We.t,42d St. ¿KSKKS

Levant."

The thorny problem of colonial man¬

dates under, the league of. nations is

discussed by the Paris correspondent of

"The Manchester Guardian." Be says:

I of Anjr Amount on

LOANS

serious

clashes.

The danger <¦ greater alnea the

cial rights, as well as of religious

rights, for all nations."

Pledget of Personal Property

Rumania and Italy or conquer Jugo-

ndependence, union with other frac-

lions of their own race who are seek-

rfy> Established 1827

Broadway, cor. 67th St., Manhattan

S0i> Fulton S\, Brooklyn

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: