HANDBK1.PDF

Observing

Handbook No. 1

Marine Surface

Weather Observations

Synoptic Code Symbols with Range of Values

BBXX

Ship Weather Repor t Indicator

BBXX

D....D

Radio call sign

Call Sign

Day of the month

01-31

Time of obser vation

00-23

i w

Wind indicator

3, 4

L a L a L a

Latitude

000-900

Q c

Quadrant

1, 3, 5, 7

L o L o L o L o

Longitude

0000-1800

i R

Precipitation data indicator

i x

Weather data indicator

1, 3

Cloud base height

0-9, /

Visibility

90-99

Cloud cover

0-9, /

Wind direction

00-36, 99

Wind speed

00-99

fff

High Speed Wind

Knots (099- )

s n

Sign of temperature

0, 1

TTT

Dr y bulb temperature

Celsius Degrees

T d T d T d

Dew point temperature

Celsius Degrees

PPPP

Sea level pressure

Actual Hp or Mb

(omit 1 in thousandths)

3-hour pressure tendency

0-8

ppp

3-hour pressure change

Hp or Mb

Present weather

00-99

W 1

Past weather (primar y)

0-9

W 2

Past weather (secondar y)

0-9

N h

Lowest cloud cover

0-9, /

C L

Low cloud type

0-9, /

C M

Middle cloud type

0-9, /

C H

High cloud type

0-9, /

D s

Ship’s course

0-9

V s

Ship’s average speed

0-9

S s

Sign/type sea sur face temp.

0-7

T W T W T W

Sea sur face temp.

Celsius Degrees

P W P W

Sea period

Seconds

H W H W

Sea height

Half Meters

d W1 d W1

Primar y swell direction

01-36, 99

d W2 d W2

Secondar y swell direction

01-36, 99, //

P W1 P W1

Primar y swell period

Seconds

H W1 H W1

Primar y swell height

Half Meters

P W2 P W2

Secondar y swell period

Seconds

H W2 H W2

Secondar y swell height

Half Meters

I s

Ice accretion cause on ship

1-5

E s E s

Ice accretion thickness on ship

Centimeters

R s

Ice accretion rate on ship

0-4

S w

Sign/type wet bulb temp.

0-7

T b T b T b

Wet bulb temp.

Celsius Degrees

c i

Sea ice concentration

0-9, /

S i

Sea ice development

0-9, /

b i

Ice of land origin

0-9, /

D i

Ice edge bearing

0-9, /

z i

Ice trend

0-9, /

National Weather Service

Observing Handbook No. 1

Marine Surface Weather Observations

August 1995

Revised April 1999

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Weather Service

Office Of Meteorology

Integrated Hydrometeorological Services Core

1325 East West Highway

Silver Spring, Md.

Preface

In writing this completely new edition of NWS observing Handbook

No. 1, it has been our intent to include as much useful information as

possible in the available space. The compact size and design, and

“field guide” format, should allow for easy handling and quick reference.

We hope this simplifies your work as weather observers, and makes it

easier to locate the information you need.

Weather has an almost magical hold on the mariner. Every change in the

weather at sea is noted with a sense of trepidation. Reporting weather

not only contributes to your safety, but adds to your basic knowledge of

seamanship. It is part of keeping a good lookout.

For every 100 observations on land, there is only about 1 observation at

sea. Without your participation in the Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS)

program, there would be vast marine areas without data, making weather

forecasting nearly impossible for these areas. The importance of ship

reports cannot be overstated. We thank ships officers for their fine work,

dedication, and committment.

Please follow the weather reporting schedule for ships as best you can

(0000, 0600, 1200, 1800 UTC from all areas; every 3-hours from the

Great Lakes, from within 200 miles of the United States and Canadian

coastlines, and from within 300 miles of named tropical storms or

hurricanes). For assistance, contact a Port Meteorological Officer

(PMO), who will come aboard your vessel and provide all the

information you need to observe, code, and transmit weather

(see page 1-3 through 1-6).

NWSOH No. 1

iii

August 1995

Table of Contents

iii

Preface

vii

Introduction

1-1 Chapter 1: Program Description

2-1 Chapter 2: Ship’s Synoptic Code and

Observing Methods

3-1 Chapter 3: Transmitting the Observation

4-1 Chapter 4: The Weatherwise Mariner

5-1 Glossary

A-1 Appendix A: Observing Forms and Supplies

B-1 Appendix B: Conversion Factors and

Equivalents

C-1 Appendix C: Interpretation of

Weather Map Symbols

D-1 Appendix D: Marine Warning and

Forecast Areas

NWSOH No. 1

August 1995

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