Cnc Programming.pdf

Program Commands

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Part Programming Commands

Part Programming

This chapter details the part programming codes used to run your Excellon machines automatically.

The CNC-7, like all Excellon machines, has a set of part programming codes that can be used to control the machine for

drilling, toolchanging, setting up machine parameters (such as feeds and speeds), and routing (if so equipped). Also, like

other Excellon machines, the part program codes are backward compatible. This means that part programs from a CNC-

2,4,5 or 6 can be run on your CNC-7 without modification. Since newer controls contain new features, the reverse is not

necessarily true (You may not be able to run all CNC-7 programs on a CNC-2,4,5 or 6). Part programs are simply data files,

coming from any one of a variety of sources or devices. This chapter will detail all available part program codes available

for your use.

Part Program Headers

The M48 header is used to give your machine general information about the job. This includes the size of tools you want to

drill and/or rout the PC board, the kind of measurement system you are using, the direction of the X and Y axis of the work,

and other details. These instructions may be generally listed in any order in the header. The part program header is

optional. Most commands that you can program into the header can also be entered at the CNC-7 console before the

program runs.

Part Program Body

The set of drilling and/or routing commands is called the part program body. It is usually much longer than the header and

tells the machine exactly where each hole is to be drilled, which drill bit to use, what shape you want routed, etc. The

commands are laid out in the sequence you want them carried out on the PC board. For example, one line of the program

will tell the machine where to drill a hole, the next line will tell where to drill the next hole, the next line will tell the machine

to stop and change the drill bit. Usually the program is carried out in sequence from top to bottom. However, some

commands will tell the machine to move to another location on the PC board, go back to a previous line in the program, and

repeat the pattern.

Excellon Program Format vs. Other Manufacturers

Because Excellon is a pioneer in the manufacture of computerized drilling and routing equipment, it was necessary for

Excellon to develop a set of commands to control the machines. The set is called Excellon Numeric Control and it uses the

same commands for all Excellon machines. Some of these commands have become standard in the industry and are widely

used by other manufacturers. The first machines introduced by Excellon were drilling machines. The set of commands used

on drillers later became known as Format One. When Excellon introduced machines with routing capability, a set of

commands called Format Two was created. Then in 1979, Excellon revised Format Two to combine drilling and routing

commands into one common set. The machines introduced prior to 1979 are called generation one machines and cannot

use Format Two. They do not have all the capabilities of the newer machines. However, newer generation two machines can

run part programs with either Format One or Format Two commands.

What a Part Program Must Include

There is some information that the CNC-7 cannot know without being told. Some of the things that the part program must

tell the machine are:

Where to drill each hole

Where to rout

What size tool to use

Additionally, if the programmer wants to change the speed of the direction of a particular tool of the worktable, without

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stopping the machine, the change must be made in the part program. Examples of these changes are:

Reverse the direction of routing

Change the table feed rate

Change the spindle RPM

Writing a Part Program

This section describes what you need to know to write a part program header and a part program. It identifies the

mandatory requirements, as well as the options, and provides you with examples of how a part program might look.

The Header: Setting Up The Job

The header is always located at the beginning of a part program. It consists of a series of instructions (commands) that are

used to give your machine general information about the job. This includes the size and speed of tools, the kind of

measurement system you are using, the direction of the X and Y axis of the work, and other details. The header can have

just a few commands, or dozens of them, depending on your needs. Most of these commands may be placed in any order.

But one thing the header may NOT include is machine motion commands such as JOG or HOME. Do you remember that we

said the header is optional? This does not mean that the commands you write into a header are optional. If you choose not

to use a header, then you must either write the commands into the part program or enter them at the CNC-7 console before

the program runs. Entering them manually can lead to problems. Suppose that you get an order to produce a set of the

same PC boards every two or three months. Each time the program is loaded into the CNC -7, you must be given

instructions on all the commands that have to be entered before the job can begin. If you put the commands in the header

instead, you are assured of consistent settings for the machine.

Example of a Header

Below is a sample of a header. The PURPOSE shown to the right of the COMMAND is not part of the command, but is

shown for your benefit to explain the command:

COMMAND

PURPOSE

M48

The beginning of a header

INCH,LZ

Use the inch measuring system with leading zeros

VER,1

Use Version 1 X and Y axis layout

FMAT,2 Use Format 2 commands

1/2/3 Link tools 1, 2, and 3

T1C.04F200S65 Set Tool 1 for 0.040" with infeed rate of 200 inch/min Speed of 65,000 RPM

DETECT,ON

Detect broken tools

M95

End of the header

Beginning of a Part Program Header

M48

M48 Defines the start of an M48 part program header. This command must appear on the first line of the part program

header. This tells the CNC-7 that the program has a header. Please note that comment lines and blank lines are permitted in

the M48 header and are ignored. Comment lines are lines of text beginning with the semicolon (;) character.

See also: Part Program Headers, M48

Rewind Stop

% Defines the end of a part program header. Either this command or the M95 command must follow the last header

command in the part program header. This tells the CNC-7 where the header ends. When this command is used, the

machine will stop at the end of the header and await your action. You may enter any appropriate Keyboard commands

and/or press CYCLE START to continue.

Note: This command has a different meaning when used in the part program body.

See also: Part Program Headers, M48, M49

Commands Used in a Header

The following table provides you with a list of commands which (not a complete list) are the most used in a part program

header. Some Operating System commands, which are discussed in the chapter on System Software, are not included here.

If other commands are used, the CNC-7 will display a message when you try to run the part program. Most of the

commands between the M48 and M95 or % commands may be arranged in any order, but there are some common sense

exceptions. For example, the INCH/METRIC command must be specified before any commands with dimensions.

COMMAND

DESCRIPTION

AFS

Automatic Feeds and Speeds

ATC

Automatic Tool Change

BLKD

Delete all Blocks starting with a slash (/)

CCW

Clockwise or Counterclockwise Routing

Cutter Compensation

DETECT

Broken Tool Detection

Down Limit Set

DTMDIST

Maximum Rout Distance Before Toolchange

EXDA

Extended Drill Area

FMAT

Format 1 or 2

FSB

Turns the Feed/Speed Buttons off

HPCK

Home Pulse Check

ICI

Incremental Input of Part Program Coordinates

INCH

Measure Everything in Inches

METRIC

Measure Everything in Metric

M48

Beginning of Part Program Header

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M95

End of Header

NCSL

NC Slope Enable/Disable

OM48

Override Part Program Header

OSTOP

Optional Stop Switch

OTCLMP

Override Table Clamp

PCKPARAM

Set up pecking tool,depth,infeed and retract parameters

Floating Pressure Foot Switch

PPR

Programmable Plunge Rate Enable

PVS

Pre -vacuum Shut-off Switch

R,C

Reset Clocks

R,CP

Reset Program Clocks

R,CR

Reset Run Clocks

R,D

Reset All Cutter Distances

R,H

Reset All Hit Counters

R,T

Reset Tool Data

SBK

Single Block Mode Switch

Spindle Group Mode

SIXM

Input From External Source

Tool Information

TCST

Tool Change Stop

Upper Limit Set

VER

Selection of X and Y Axis Version

Zero Set

Auxiliary Zero

Zero Correction

Zero Preset

Z+# or Z-#

Set Depth Offset

Rewind Stop

#/#/#

Link Tool for Automatic Tool Change

Clear Tool Linking

Duplicate Commands

If you have a command in the header and the exact same command in the part program body, there is no harm done. Nor

will it matter if you enter the exact same command from the keyboard. In each case, because the commands do not

contradict each other, the performance of the machine will not be affected.

Keyboard and Header Commands vs. Body Commands

Some commands allow you to specify optional information. When the options in the part program body are different from

the options in the header or console, the body options are not used. Suppose you specify in the header which spindle

speed you want for a particular tool. Then you repeat the tool command in the part program body and specify a different

speed. The speed in the header will override the speed in the body. You could change the speed ten times in the program,

but the spindle will rotate at the speed you specified in the header, each and every time.

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Keyboard vs. Header Commands

Commands entered by you at the keyboard will also override duplicate commands in the part program body. Keyboard

entered commands and header commands have the same authority, and they can conflict with each other. But system

software uses the latest one entered as the governing authority. After a part program has been loaded, any commands

entered at the keyboard will override the same command in the header. But if the command is entered at the keyboard, and

then the part program is loaded, the header overrides the keyboard.

Beyond The Header: The Part Program Body

COMMAND

DESCRIPTION

Arc Radius

Retract Rate

Tool Diameter

Table Feed Rate;Z Axis Infeed Rate

G00X#Y#

Route Mode

G01

Linear (Straight Line) Mode

G02

Circular CW Mode

G03

Circular CCW Mode

G04

X# Variable Dwell

G05

Drill Mode

G07

Override current tool feed or speed

G32X#Y#A#

Routed Circle Canned Cycle

CW G33X#Y#A#

Routed Circle Canned Cycle

CCW G34,#(,#)

Select Vision Tool

G35(X#Y#)

Single Point Vision Offset (Relative to Work Zero)

G36(X#Y#)

Multipoint Vision Translation (Relative to Work Zero)

G37

Cancel Vision Translation or Offset (From G35 or G36)

G38(X#Y#)

Vision Corrected Single Hole Drilling (Relative to Work Zero)

G39(X#Y#)

Vision System Autocalibration

G40

Cutter Compensation Off

G41

Cutter Compensation Left

G42

Cutter Compensation Right

G45(X#Y#)

Single Point Vision Offset (Relative to G35 or G36)

G46(X#Y#)

Multipoint Vision Translation (Relative to G35 or G36)

G47

Cancel Vision Translation or Offset (From G45 or G46)

G48(X#Y#)

Vision Corrected Single Hole Drilling (Relative to G35 or G36)

G82(G81)

Dual In Line Package

G83

Eight Pin L Pack

G84

Circle

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