(ebook-pdf) Learn Greek Lesson 03.pdf
(
490 KB
)
Pobierz
The Greek Alphabet Overview
3
Sight and Sounds of Words (Module A)
Phonology (Part 3)
Lesson
Three Overview
§3.0
Introduction, 59
§3.1 Ten Equivalent Consonants and Two Vowels, 60
§3.2
The Seven Greek Vowels, 63
§3.3
The Greek Diphthongs, 65
§3.4 Similarities between Vowels and Diphthongs, 68
§3.5
A Vowel and Diphthong Comparison Guide, 70
§3.6
The Final Seven Greek Consonants, 72
§3.7
Types of Greek Letters from Ancient to Modern, 74
Study Guide, 77
§3.0 Introduction
Lesson Three lays the foundation for the phonetic pronunciation of Greek words.
Phonics is the study between letters and their speech sounds. It may also be
thought as the letter-to-sound relationships in a language. It is a very helpful
method of learning to pronounce the correct sound with the letter or letter
combinations they represent. Phonics is to the letter-to-sound relationship in
words as a written musical note is to its corresponding instrumental sound.
Learning Greek phonetics trains one to hear the language, so that both the
visualization and spelling of Greek will be intuitive. This approach to Greek
phonics will not be entirely inductive or deductive, but a combination of both.
This lesson focuses on the elementary pronunciation of all Greek consonants,
vowels and diphthongs. Throughout the lesson, these letters are blended into
sounds to form single and multi-syllable Greek words.
A systematic training in Greek phonics prepares anyone to read competently the
Greek New Testament. An accurate knowledge of the phonetic value of each
Greek letter is important to understand morphological changes in words in later
lessons. Whereas these introductory lessons will not make one a linguist, they
will give the necessary skills to understand Greek phonics.
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Phonology (Part 3)
InTheBeginning.org
Consonants, Vowels and Diphthongs
LESSON 3: Sight and Sounds of Words (Module A) Page 60
Consonants, Vowels, and Diphthongs
Unlike English, the pronunciation system for Erasmic Greek is largely phonemic.
This means that each letter or combinations of letters are represented by only
one letter or combination of letters. If a Greek word is pronounced correctly, it
can be spelled correctly. However, this is not fool proof, for there are exceptions,
and these will have to be learned.
The phonetic method alone does not work miracles. Learning to read Greek
involves more than phonics. Study and practice is required before reading Greek
comfortably. However, you have already begun to learn Greek phonics by
mastering the individual twenty-four Greek alphabetical sounds. Now you will
build on this knowledge and listen for the likenesses and differences in the
phonetic pronunciation of these alphabetical sounds when blended together,
beginning with single syllable words and progressing to multi-syllable words.
§3.1 Ten Equivalent Consonants and Two Vowels
Lesson Two began with ten Greek letters that, by form, are similar in appearance
with ten English letters (cf. §2.1). These letters included both vowels and
consonants. These letters were:
English letters:
a b d e i k o s t u
Greek letters:
a
c
d
h
j
n
i
s
t
The letters above were grouped because of their similarity in form to those in
English. In this lesson, we begin with ten Greek consonants
phonetically
equivalent
to ten English consonants, but not necessarily similar in form.
Although overlap exists between these two groups, they are not to be confused.
The ten Greek consonants below share
phonetic correspondence
with ten
English consonants. However, six of the ten Greek consonants underlined below
have a different form than English,
although they have the same phonetic sound
,
namely
f
(
gamma
),
k
(
lambda
),
l
(
mu
),
m
(
nu
),
o
(
pi
) and
r
/
i
(
sigma
).
We begin learning Greek phonics with these ten consonants. These Greek
consonants are the easiest to learn because of their exact phonetic correlation
with the corresponding English consonants. Very little practice is required to
learn these Greek consonants competently. The remaining seven of the
seventeen Greek consonants will receive special attention later.
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Phonology (Part 3)
InTheBeginning.org
`
LESSON 3: Sight and Sounds of Words (Module A) Page 61
Consonants, Vowels, and Diphthongs
Ten Greek consonants equivalent in sound to ten English consonants:
Greek letters:
a
f
c j
k
l
m
o
r
/
i
s
English letters:
b g d k l m n p s t
When pronouncing a combination of letters constituting a syllable in Greek, the
phonetic value
of each letter is clearly articulated. This is true for all Greek
letters, whether consonants or vowels. Every consonant-vowel and vowel-
consonant combination is phonetically pronounced in a blending manner, just as
in English when syllables and words are pronounced. However, unlike in
English, there are not any silent letters in the Greek language (
i.e.
, the k in
k
not, or the d in We
d
nesday). Therefore, generally speaking, if a Greek
word is phonetically pronounced, it can be spelled correctly. This will prove a
great asset in subsequent lessons as new Greek vocabulary words are learned.
Every Greek letters phonetic value is derived from the opening sound of
its alphabetical name. On pages 19-20 (cf. §1.4) in the fifth column of
the alphabet chart, the Greek phonetic value of the letter is listed
corresponding to its alphabetical character in the first.
It is easier if these ten consonants are practiced within syllables. Every Greek
syllable always contains a vowel sound, just as in English. Therefore, vowels will
also be needed. Two Greek vowels that are always pronounced short will be
used. These vowels are
D d
(
d2 xhkn/m
) and
N n
(
n2 lhjqn/m
). These two vowels
are chosen because in Greek they are always pronounced like their English short
counterparts (
i.e.
, the e in net, and never like and the e as in equal or in
term; o in cot, and never like the o as in open or order).
When consonants are present in a syllable, vowels are always
necessary to pronounce the syllable correctly. Consonant(s) and a
vowel or diphthong which constitutes a syllable is blended together.
Principles which guide syllabification will be introduced in §5.2.
All the following examples are single syllables. For teaching purposes, familiar
English words accompany the Greek syllable that have the same sound. This
makes it easier to check the pronunciation of new Greek consonants and vowels
as they are learned.
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Phonology (Part 3)
InTheBeginning.org
LESSON 3: Sight and Sounds of Words (Module A) Page 62
Consonants, Vowels, and Diphthongs
The Ten Consonants with the Short Vowel
D d
D d
(
d2 xhkn/m
d2 xhkn/m
)
listen
adf, rds, kdf, ldm, Jdms, cdk, cdm, jdko
listen
jdlo, rsdo, rsdoi, cdrj, ods, odo, ads
(kemp) (step) (steps) (desk) (pet) (pep) (bet)
listen
jdos, rodj, sdm, sdms, adms, dmc, odm
(kept) (speck) (ten) (tent) (bent) (end) (pen)
listen
rdms, cdms, kds, sdk, ldks, ldkc, rdmc
(sent) (dent) (let) (tell) (melt) (meld) (send)
listen
odks, fds, jdlo, Adm, adk, adks, ldmc
(pelt) (get) (kemp) (Ben) (bell) (belt) (mend)
The Ten Consonants with the Short Vowel
N n
n2 lhjqn/m
)
listen
cnf, kna, ono, rnc, cns, onmc, Ana
(dog) (lob) (pop) (sod) (dot) (pond) (Bob)
listen
ons, sno, mns, kns, rno, Snc, nc
(pot) (top) (not) (lot) (sop) (Todd) (odd)
listen
rsno, Fnc, akna, snoi, lna, knf
(stop) (God) (blob) (tops) (mob) (log)
listen
kno, knrs, snm, lnf, nm, lno
(lop) (lost) (ton) (mog) (on) (mop)
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Phonology (Part 3)
InTheBeginning.org
D d
d2 xhkn/m
(beg) (set) (leg) (men) (Kent) (dell) (den) (kelp)
N n
N n
(
n2 lhjqn/m
n2 lhjqn/m
LESSON 3: Sight and Sounds of Words (Module A) Page 63
Consonants, Vowels, and Diphthongs
§3.2 The Seven Greek Vowels
There are two major categories of speech sounds in language. The open sounds
with free breath are called vowels. The closed sounds are called consonants.
When a person says ah for the doctor, an open sound is made with free
passage of breath. This sound is a vowel, as are all the other open and freely
breathed sounds in speech. The open quality of vowels distinguishes them from
consonants. Consonants are made with the breath totally or partly checked.
This hindering of sound is done by the tongue, teeth, or lips. This is true of the
ten equivalent Greek consonants that have already learned (§3.1).
Our attention turns to the open sounds, the vowels. Greek has seven letters that
are vowels. The vowel sounds in Greek are represented by the letters below. In
their alphabetical order, they are:
listen
@ `
@ `, D d
D d, G g
G g, H h
H h, N n
N n, T t
T t, V v
V v
Two of these seven vowels are always pronounced long, two always short, and
three may be either long or short. These latter vowels are called the
variable
vowels
, due to their phonetic dual nature. All seven vowels may be charted and
compared together as below:
listen
Always long:
G g, V v
listen
Always short:
D d, N n
listen
May be long or short:
(the variable vowels)
@ `, H h, T t
Similarly, these Greek vowels may be charted horizontally to indicate their
relation to one another:
listen
Short:
D d
D d
N n
@ `
H h
T t
listen
Long:
G g
G g
V v
@ `
H h
T t
Observe from above that
G g
G g
is the long from of
D d
D d,
and
V v
V v
is the long form
N n.
There are not any distinct Greek letters to differentiate between the
variable short and long forms of
@ `
@ `, H h
H h,
and
T t
T t
. Whereas there is a distinct
' Dr. William D. Ramey
¤
Phonology (Part 3)
InTheBeginning.org
@ `
D d
G g
H h
N n
T t
G g
D d
V v
of
N n
N n
@ `
H h
T t
Plik z chomika:
Mistra
Inne pliki z tego folderu:
Berlitz Language 30 - Greek(1).pdf
(1676 KB)
grecko-polski.zip
(1149 KB)
polsko-grecki.zip
(1274 KB)
Learn Greek (1 Of 7) - The Greek Alphabet, Part I.pdf
(532 KB)
Learn greek (2 of 7) - The greek alphabet, part II.pdf
(379 KB)
Inne foldery tego chomika:
Dokumenty
Galeria
Katalogi
Prywatne
Thermomix
Zgłoś jeśli
naruszono regulamin