NA'VI - słownik języka NA VI - angielski.pdf - audiobooki i e-booki - moderator132

Karyu Amawey

Na’Vi Language

Phonology & Orthography

Vowels

Consonants

Lenition

Grammar

Pronouns

Nouns & Prepositions

3-6

Plurals

Gender

Articles

Case

4-5

Adpositions

5-6

Adjectives

Numbers

Verbs

Questions & Demonstratives

Changing Parts of Speech

Phrases

Lexicon

http://www.learnnavi.org/

Version 3.4

Last updated: 7 January 2010

Sources

Phonology and orthography

Na‟vi is an unwritten language. Due to the tsaheylu that connects all life on Pandora, whereupon

memories are stored and accessed, there is no need for a writing system. That said, for the

purpose of humans learning Na‟vi, a standardized form was developed using Roman letters

coupled with diacritic marks on some vowels.

Phonology:

***Please note that all terms have been transcribed using IPA in the bilingual dictionaries.

Stress markings have been added in many of the terms until further clarification has been made

upon them.

Vowels:

There are seven simple vowels:

Front

Central Back

[i]i

[ ì] ɪ

[u]u

Close-Mid

[o]o

Open-Mid

[e]ɛ

[ä]æ

Open

[a]a

and four diphthongs [aw], [ew], [ay], [ey].

These vowels may occur in sequences, meaning there can be long strings of vowels within a

word. However, each vowel counts as a syllable, so that meuia (honor) has four syllables

[mɛ.u.i.a].

In addition, the syllabic consonants ll [l̩] and rr [r̩ ] behave as vowels, as in pllte’ [pl̩.tɛʔ]

"to speak". The rr is strongly trilled, and the ll is "light", never a "dark" (velarized) *[ɫ̩]. These

may occur directly before another vowel, as in hrrap [hr̩ .ap] "dangerous".

Na‟vi does not have vowel length or tone, but it does have contrastive stress: túte [ˈtu.tɛ]

"person", tuté [tu.ˈtɛ] "female person". Although stress may move with derivation, as here, it is

not affected by inflection (case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc). So, for example, the verb lu "to

be" has stress on its only vowel, the u, and no matter what else happens to it, the stress stays on

that vowel: lolú [lo.ˈlu] "was" (l‹ol›u), lolängú [lo.læng.ˈu] "was (ugh!)" (l‹ol›‹äng›u), etc.

Consonants

There are twenty one consonants in Na‟vi. In transcriptions, the ejective consonants are written

with digraphs in x, a convention that appears to be unique to Na‟vi.

Labial

Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Ejective

[px]p‟

[tx]t‟

[kx]k‟

Plosive

[p]p

[t]t

[k]k [„] ʔ

Affricate

[ts]ʦ

Fricative

[f]f [v]v [s] s [z] z

[h] h

Nasal

[m]m

[n] n

[ng] ŋ

Flap

[r] ɾ

Trill

[rr]r

Liquid/glide [w]w

[l] l or [ll] l̩

[y]j

The fricatives, f v s z h , and the affricate, ts , are restricted to the onset of a syllable; the

other consonants may occur at either the beginning or at the end (though w or y in final position

are considered parts of diphthongs, as they only occur as ay ey aw ew and may be followed by

another final consonant, as in skxawng "moron"). However, in addition to appearing before

vowels, ( f ts s) may form consonant clusters with any of the unrestricted consonants (the

stops and liquids/glides) apart from( ’) making for 39 clusters.

Lenition:

For some Na‟Vi nouns with strong initial consonants, such as px, t, or k, adding either plural

marker ay- or me- with weaken that initial consonant. Theory behind lenition is largely thought

to be easier and smoother pronunciation for the mouth. Regardless, the following sounds when

found consonant initial are weakened to these following forms:

Before plural marker

After plural marker

px, tx, kx

p, t, k

p, t/ts, k

f, s, h

„

Ø (deletion)

Examples:

tsmuk

‘sibling’

kelku

‘home’

aysmuk/smuk ‘siblings’

mehelku/helku ‘homes’

pxun ‘arm’

mepun/pun ‘arms’

Grammar

Pronouns

Na‟vi pronouns encode clusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending on

whether the speaker is including you or not. There are also special forms for the dual "the two of

us" (with or without you), and the trial "the three of us", etc. They do not inflect for gender;

although it's possible to distinguish "he" from "she", the distinction is optional.

sing.

dual

trial

plural

Exclusive

moe —

ayoe

Inclusive —

oeng —

ayoeng

2 nd person

nga

—

aynga

3 rd person

mefo —

ayfo

The deferential, or ceremonial, forms of "I" and "you" are ohe and ngenga , respectively . "He"

and "she" can optionally be differentiated as poan and poé .

These pronouns utilize a system of attaching several different morphemes to articulate what they

mean.

me-

dual marker

1 st .singular

ay-

plural marker

ng(a)

2 nd .singular

po(an/é)

3 rd .singular

For example, the exclusive vs. inclusive dual really translates into “two me‟s (meaning myself

and someone else)” and “me and you”, respectively.

Pronouns are declined for case similarly to nouns (See Case below)

Nouns and prepositions

Nouns show greater number distinctions than human languages: besides singular and plural, they

not only have special dual forms for two of an item (eyes, hands, lovers, etc.), which are not

uncommon in human language, but also trial forms for three of an item, which on Earth are only

found with pronouns (***This has yet to yield any examples) However, gender is only

occasionally (and optionally) marked.

Plurals:

The plural prefix is ay -, and the dual is me - ( nari "eye", menari "eyes"). Both trigger lenition

in Na‟vi words (See Lenition above) In nouns which undergo lenition, the plural prefix may be

dropped, so the plural of tokx "body" is either aysokx or just sokx .

Gender:

Masculine nouns may be distinguished by the suffix - an , and feminine by - é , which is stressed:

tsmuk or tsmúktu "sibling", tsmúkan "brother", tsmuké "sister".

Articles:

There is no distinction between definite and indefinitie nouns; context is based largely on

demonstratives (see Questions and demonstratives).

Case:

Case

Vowel Final Marker

Consonant Final Marker

Intransitive

N/A

Ergative (Transitive Agent)

-l

-ìl

Accusative (Transitive Patient) -t(i)

-it

Dative

-ru

-ìru

Genitive

-yä

- eyä

Topical

-ri

-ìri

One way nouns are conjugated for case is by transitivity. However, unlike most of the languages

spoken by humans, Na‟vi has separate markers for the subject of a transitive verb and the object

of the same transitive verb. An object is marked with the accusative suffix - ti , and an agent with

the ergative suffix - l , while an intransitive subject has no case suffix. For example:

Oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e

I - ERG you - ACC See ‹ LAUD ›

"I See you" (a greeting)

For further explanation on Transitivity, please refer to the Crash course in linguistic terminology

used for Na'Vi found on the learnnavi.org website under Downloads.

Genitive (-yä)

The genitive case refers to the possessive case, or a noun that modifies another noun. In

English, the Genitive marker that is typically used is the (‟s):

E.g. John’s cheese.

Charlotte’s book.

In the case of Na‟Vi, the genitive marker is typically suffixed to the end of the pronoun to

show possession over another noun.

E.g. Oe-yä tìmuntxa.

„My mate‟

I-GEN mate

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