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Polymer Dispersions and Their Industrial Applications. Edited by Dieter Urban and Koichi Takamura
Copyright © 2002 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
ISBNs: 3-527-30286-7 (Hardback); 3-527-60058-2 (Electronic)
Polymer Dispersions
and Their Industrial Applications
Edited by Dieter Urban and
Koichi Takamura
 
Polymer Dispersions and Their Industrial Applications. Edited by Dieter Urban and Koichi Takamura
Copyright © 2002 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
ISBNs: 3-527-30286-7 (Hardback); 3-527-60058-2 (Electronic)
Polymer Dispersions
and Their Industrial Applications
edited by Dieter Urban and
Koichi Takamura
216201757.003.png 216201757.004.png
IV
Polymer Dispersions and Their Industrial Applications. Edited by Dieter Urban and Koichi Takamura
Copyright © 2002 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
ISBNs: 3-527-30286-7 (Hardback); 3-527-60058-2 (Electronic)
Editors
This book was carefully produced. Never-
theless, editors, authors and
publisher do not warrant the information
contained therein to be free of errors.
Readers are advised to keep in mind that
statements, data, illustrations, procedural
details or other items may inadvertently
be inaccurate.
Dr. Dieter Urban
Dr. Koichi Takamura
BASF Corp.
11501 Steele Creek Road
Charlotte, NC 28273, USA
Library of Congress Card No.:
applied for
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is
available from the British Library.
Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP Cataloguing-
in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this publication is
available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek
© 2002 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH,
Weinheim
All rights reserved (including those of
translation into other languages).
No part of this book may be reproduced
in any form – by photoprinting, micro-
film, or any other means – nor transmitted
or translated into a machine language
without written permission from the
publishers. Registered names, trademarks,
etc. used in this book, even when not
specifically marked as such, are not to be
considered unprotected by law.
Cover photograph Scanning electron
micrograph of a hollow sphere created
by the deposition of 7.9
Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany
Printed on acid-free paper
m polystyrene
particles on a nitrogen bubble during
their preparation in the microgravity
environment of the Space Shuttle
Challenger (courtesy of the Emulsion
Polymers Institute, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, PA, USA).
µ
Typesetting TypoDesign Hecker GmbH,
Leimen
Printing betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt
Binding Großbuchbinderei J. Schäffer
GmbH & Co. KG, Grünstadt
ISBN 3-527-30286-7
216201757.005.png 216201757.001.png 216201757.002.png
 
Polymer Dispersions and Their Industrial Applications. Edited by Dieter Urban and Koichi Takamura
Copyright © 2002 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
ISBNs: 3-527-30286-7 (Hardback); 3-527-60058-2 (Electronic)
V
Contents
Preface XIII
1
Introduction 1
1.1
Names and Definitions 1
1.2
Properties of Polymer Dispersions 3
1.3
Important Raw Materials 8
1.4
Commercial Importance of Polymer Dispersions 10
1.5
Manufacturers of Polymer Dispersions 12
References 14
2 Synthesis of Polymer Dispersions 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Chemistry 17
2.2.1 Mechanism of Emulsion Polymerization 17
2.2.2 Major Monomers 23
2.2.3 Functional Monomers 26
2.2.4 Surfactants 27
2.2.5 Initiator Systems 30
2.2.6 Other Ingredients 32
2.3 Manufacturing Processes 34
2.3.1 Types of Process 34
2.3.2 Influence of Process Conditions on Polymer/Colloidal Properties 37
2.3.3 Equipment Considerations 39
2.3.4 Safety Considerations 40
References 40
3 Characterization of Aqueous Polymer Dispersions 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Polymer Dispersions 42
3.2.1 General Characterization of Dispersions 42
3.2.2 Characterization of Polymer Particles 48
3.2.3 Residual Volatiles 56
3.2.4 Aqueous Phase Analysis 57
 
VI Contents
3.3 Polymer Films 58
3.3.1 Film Formation 59
3.3.2 Macroscopic Characterization of Polymer Films 60
3.3.3 Microscopic Characterization of Polymers 68
References
72
4 Applications in the Paper Industry 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 The Paper Industry 76
4.3 Surface Sizing 79
4.4 Paper Coating 81
4.4.1 Coating Techniques 84
4.4.2 Pigments used in Coating Colors 86
4.4.3 Co-binders and Thickeners used in Coating Colors 87
4.4.4 Binders used in Coating Colors 90
4.4.5 Test Methods 97
4.5
Concluding Remarks 100
Acknowledgments 100
References 101
5 Applications for Printing Inks 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.1.1 Flexographic Ink 104
5.1.2 Gravure Ink 106
5.2 Ink Composition 106
5.2.1 Pigment Dispersion 108
5.2.2 Emulsion Vehicle 109
5.2.3 Solution Vehicle 112
5.2.4 Waterborne Wax Emulsions and Powders 113
5.2.5 Ink Additives 113
5.3 Physical Properties and Test Methods 114
5.3.1 Typical Properties 114
5.3.2 Application Tests 115
5.3.3 Test Method Abstracts 115
5.4 Inks for Flexible Substrates (Films) 117
5.4.1 Surface Print Film 118
5.4.2 Lawn and Garden Bags 118
5.5 Inks for Paper Board Substrates 118
5.5.1 Folding Cartons 118
5.5.2 Direct Print Corrugated Packages 119
5.5.3 Pre-print Corrugated Packages 119
5.6 Inks for Poly-coated Board 120
5.6.1 Milk Cartons 120
5.6.2 Cup and Plate 120
5.7
Inks for Paper Products 120
 

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