LINUX admin 2000.pdf
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Linux Network Administrators Guide
LINUX
NETWORK
ADMINISTRATOR'S
GUIDE
by Olaf Kirch and Terry Dawson
2
3
Copyright © 1993 Olaf Kirch
Copyright © 2000 Terry Dawson
Copyright on O'Reilly printed version © 2000 O'Reilly & Associates
Published for the Internet by Jan Albrecht
jan@jan-albrecht.de
An actual version of this document can be downloaded at
http://www.jan-albrecht.de/nag/nag.ZIP
This is the orginal version of the document, as it was released.
4
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
P
URPOSE AND
A
UDIENCE FOR
T
HIS
B
OOK
.......................................................................................................... 12
S
OURCES OF
I
NFORMATION
................................................................................................................................13
Documentation Available via FTP ................................................................................................................ 14
Documentation Available via WWW ............................................................................................................. 14
Documentation Available Commercially....................................................................................................... 14
Linux Journal and Linux Magazine............................................................................................................... 15
Linux Usenet Newsgroups ............................................................................................................................. 15
Linux Mailing Lists........................................................................................................................................ 15
Online Linux Support .................................................................................................................................... 16
Linux User Groups ........................................................................................................................................ 16
Obtaining Linux............................................................................................................................................. 16
F
ILE
S
YSTEM
S
TANDARDS
.................................................................................................................................. 17
S
TANDARD
L
INUX
B
ASE
.................................................................................................................................... 17
A
BOUT
T
HIS
B
OOK
............................................................................................................................................. 18
T
HE
O
FFICIAL
P
RINTED
V
ERSION
....................................................................................................................... 19
O
VERVIEW
......................................................................................................................................................... 19
C
ONVENTIONS
U
SED IN
T
HIS
B
OOK
................................................................................................................... 20
S
UBMITTING
C
HANGES
...................................................................................................................................... 21
A
CKNOWLEDGMENTS
......................................................................................................................................... 21
The Hall of Fame........................................................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING ................................................................................. 23
H
ISTORY
............................................................................................................................................................ 23
TCP/IP N
ETWORKS
............................................................................................................................................ 23
Introduction to TCP/IP Networks.................................................................................................................. 24
Ethernets........................................................................................................................................................ 25
Other Types of Hardware .............................................................................................................................. 26
The Internet Protocol .................................................................................................................................... 27
IP Over Serial Lines ...................................................................................................................................... 28
The Transmission Control Protocol .............................................................................................................. 28
The User Datagram Protocol ........................................................................................................................ 29
More on Ports................................................................................................................................................ 29
The Socket Library ........................................................................................................................................ 29
UUCP N
ETWORKS
............................................................................................................................................. 30
L
INUX
N
ETWORKING
.......................................................................................................................................... 30
Different Streaks of Development.................................................................................................................. 31
Where to Get the Code .................................................................................................................................. 31
M
AINTAINING
Y
OUR
S
YSTEM
............................................................................................................................ 32
System Security.............................................................................................................................................. 32
CHAPTER 2 - ISSUES OF TCP/IP NETWORKING ..................................................................................... 34
N
ETWORKING
I
NTERFACES
................................................................................................................................34
IP A
DDRESSES
.................................................................................................................................................... 34
A
DDRESS
R
ESOLUTION
....................................................................................................................................... 36
IP R
OUTING
....................................................................................................................................................... 36
IP Networks ................................................................................................................................................... 36
Subnetworks................................................................................................................................................... 37
Gateways ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
The Routing Table ......................................................................................................................................... 39
Metric Values ................................................................................................................................................ 40
T
HE
I
NTERNET
C
ONTROL
M
ESSAGE
P
ROTOCOL
................................................................................................. 40
R
ESOLVING
H
OST
N
AMES
.................................................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER 3 - CONFIGURING THE NETWORKING HARDWARE ........................................................ 42
K
ERNEL
C
ONFIGURATION
.................................................................................................................................. 44
Kernel Options in Linux 2.0 and Higher ....................................................................................................... 44
Kernel Networking Options in Linux 2.0.0 and Higher................................................................................. 46
5
A T
OUR OF
L
INUX
N
ETWORK
D
EVICES
.............................................................................................................. 48
E
THERNET
I
NSTALLATION
.................................................................................................................................. 49
Ethernet Autoprobing .................................................................................................................................... 49
T
HE
PLIP D
RIVER
.............................................................................................................................................. 51
T
HE
PPP
AND
SLIP D
RIVERS
............................................................................................................................. 52
O
THER
N
ETWORK
T
YPES
................................................................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER 4 - CONFIGURING THE SERIAL HARDWARE...................................................................... 53
C
OMMUNICATIONS
S
OFTWARE FOR
M
ODEM
L
INKS
........................................................................................... 53
I
NTRODUCTION TO
S
ERIAL
D
EVICES
.................................................................................................................. 53
A
CCESSING
S
ERIAL
D
EVICES
............................................................................................................................. 54
The Serial Device Special Files..................................................................................................................... 55
S
ERIAL
H
ARDWARE
............................................................................................................................................ 55
U
SING THE
C
ONFIGURATION
U
TILITIES
.............................................................................................................. 56
The setserial Command ................................................................................................................................. 56
The stty Command ......................................................................................................................................... 58
S
ERIAL
D
EVICES AND THE LOGIN
: P
ROMPT
........................................................................................................ 60
Configuring the mgetty Daemon.................................................................................................................... 60
CHAPTER 5 - CONFIGURING TCP/IP NETWORKING ............................................................................ 63
M
OUNTING THE
/
PROC
F
ILESYSTEM
................................................................................................................... 63
I
NSTALLING THE
B
INARIES
................................................................................................................................. 63
S
ETTING THE
H
OSTNAME
................................................................................................................................... 64
A
SSIGNING
IP A
DDRESSES
................................................................................................................................. 64
C
REATING
S
UBNETS
........................................................................................................................................... 65
W
RITING HOSTS AND NETWORKS
F
ILES
.............................................................................................................. 65
I
NTERFACE
C
ONFIGURATION FOR
IP .................................................................................................................. 66
The Loopback Interface................................................................................................................................. 67
Ethernet Interfaces ........................................................................................................................................ 68
Routing Through a Gateway.......................................................................................................................... 69
Configuring a Gateway ................................................................................................................................. 70
The PLIP Interface ........................................................................................................................................ 70
The SLIP and PPP Interfaces........................................................................................................................ 71
The Dummy Interface .................................................................................................................................... 71
IP Alias .......................................................................................................................................................... 71
A
LL
A
BOUT IFCONFIG
........................................................................................................................................ 72
T
HE NETSTAT
C
OMMAND
................................................................................................................................... 74
Displaying the Routing Table ........................................................................................................................ 74
Displaying Interface Statistics....................................................................................................................... 75
Displaying Connections................................................................................................................................. 75
C
HECKING THE
ARP T
ABLES
............................................................................................................................. 76
CHAPTER 6 - NAME SERVICE AND RESOLVER CONFIGURATION .................................................. 78
T
HE
R
ESOLVER
L
IBRARY
................................................................................................................................... 78
The host.conf File .......................................................................................................................................... 78
The nsswitch.conf File ................................................................................................................................... 80
Configuring Name Server Lookups Using resolv.conf .................................................................................. 81
Resolver Robustness ...................................................................................................................................... 82
H
OW
DNS W
ORKS
............................................................................................................................................. 83
Name Lookups with DNS............................................................................................................................... 84
Types of Name Servers .................................................................................................................................. 85
The DNS Database ........................................................................................................................................ 85
Reverse Lookups............................................................................................................................................ 87
R
UNNING NAMED
............................................................................................................................................... 88
The named.boot File...................................................................................................................................... 88
The BIND 8 host.conf File............................................................................................................................. 90
The DNS Database Files ............................................................................................................................... 91
Caching-only named Configuration .............................................................................................................. 93
Writing the Master Files................................................................................................................................ 94
Verifying the Name Server Setup................................................................................................................... 96
Other Useful Tools ........................................................................................................................................ 98
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