Engineering - Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering .pdf

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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Electrical
Network Analysis 55
Circuit Variables 56
Ground 57
Engineering 1
1.2 Electrical Engineering
as a Foundation for the Design
of Mechatronic Systems 4
Review 8
1.5 Systems of Units 10
PART I CIRCUITS 14
Analysis 125
4.1 Energy-Storage (Dynamic) Circuit
Elements 126
The Ideal Capacitor 126
The Ideal Inductor 133
xii
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xiii
Elements 145
by Sinusoidal Sources 146
Phasors 149
Impedance 153
The Resistor 153
The Inductor 154
The Capacitor 155
Admittance 161
AC Equivalent Circuits 166
Chapter 7 AC Power 281
PART II ELECTRONICS 336
Chapter 8 Semiconductors
and Diodes 337
8.1 Electrical Conduction in Semiconductor
Devices 338
8.2 The pn Junction and the Semiconductor
Diode 340
8.3 Circuit Models for the Semiconductor
Diode 343
Large-Signal Diode Models 343
Small-Signal Diode Models 351
Piecewise Linear Diode Model 357
8.4 Practical Diode Circuits 360
The Full-Wave Rectifier 360
The Bridge Rectifier 362
DC Power Supplies, Zener Diodes,
and Voltage Regulation 364
Signal-Processing Applications 370
Photodiodes 377
and System Concepts 231
6.2 Filters 238
Low-Pass Filters 239
High-Pass Filters 245
Band-Pass Filters 248
Transform 260
Chapter 9 Transistor
Fundamentals 391
9.1 Transistors as Amplifiers and Switches 392
9.2 The Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 394
Determining the Operating Region
of a BJT 397
Selecting an Operating Point for a BJT 399
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Contents
9.3 BJT Large-Signal Model 407
Large-Signal Model of the npn BJT 407
9.4 Field-Effect Transistors 415
9.5 Overview of Enhancement-Mode
MOSFETs 415
Operation of the n -Channel Enhancement-
Mode MOSFET 416
p -Channel MOSFETs and CMOS
Devices 421
9.6 Depletion MOSFETs and JFETs 423
Depletion MOSFETs 423
Junction Field-Effect Transistors 424
Depletion MOSFET and JFET
Equations 426
Power MOSFETs 505
Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors
(IGBTs) 508
11.5 Rectifiers and Controlled Rectifiers
(AC-DC Converters) 508
Three-Phase Rectifiers 511
Thyristors and Controlled Rectifiers 512
11.6 Electric Motor Drives 518
Choppers (DC-DC Converters) 518
Inverters (DC-AC Converters) 523
Chapter 12 Operational
Amplifiers 531
12.1 Amplifiers 532
Ideal Amplifier Characteristics 532
12.2 The Operational Amplifier 533
The Open-Loop Model 534
The Operational Amplifier
in the Closed-Loop Mode 535
12.3 Active Filters 553
12.4 Integrator and Differentiator Circuits 559
The Ideal Differentiator 562
12.5 Analog Computers 562
Scaling in Analog Computers 564
12.6 Physical Limitations of Op-Amps 569
Voltage Supply Limits 569
Frequency Response Limits 571
Input Offset Voltage 574
Input Bias Currents 575
Output Offset Adjustment 576
Slew Rate Limit 577
Short-Circuit Output Current 579
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio 580
Chapter 10 Transistor Amplifiers
and Switches 437
10.1 Small-Signal Models of the BJT 438
Transconductance 441
10.2 BJT Small-Signal Amplifiers 443
DC Analysis of the Common-Emitter
Amplifier 446
AC Analysis of the Common-Emitter
Amplifier 453
Other BJT Amplifier Circuits 457
10.3 FET Small-Signal Amplifiers 457
The MOSFET Common-Source
Amplifier 461
The MOSFET Source Follower 465
10.4 Transistor Amplifiers 468
Frequency Response of Small-Signal
Amplifiers 468
Multistage Amplifiers 470
10.5 Transistor Gates and Switches 472
Analog Gates 473
Digital Gates 473
Chapter 13 Digital Logic
Circuits 599
Chapter 11 Power Electronics 495
13.1 Analog and Digital Signals 600
13.2 The Binary Number System 602
Addition and Subtraction 602
Multiplication and Division 603
Conversion from Decimal to Binary 603
Complements and Negative Numbers 604
The Hexadecimal System 606
Binary Codes 606
13.3 Boolean Algebra 610
AND and OR Gates 610
NAND and NOR Gates 617
The XOR (Exlusive OR) Gate 619
11.1 Classification of Power Electronic
Devices 496
11.2 Classification of Power Electronic
Circuits 497
11.3 Voltage Regulators 499
11.4 Power Amplifiers and Transistor
Switches 502
Power Amplifiers 502
BJT Switching Characteristics 504
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13.4 Karnaugh Maps and Logic Design 620
Sum-of-Products Realizations 623
Product-of-Sums Realizations 627
Don’t Care Conditions 631
13.5 Combinational Logic Modules 634
Multiplexers 634
Read-Only Memory (ROM) 635
Decoders and Read and Write Memory 638
15.2 Wiring, Grounding, and Noise 695
Signal Sources and Measurement System
Configurations 695
Noise Sources and Coupling
Mechanisms 697
Noise Reduction 698
15.3 Signal Conditioning 699
Instrumentation Amplifiers 699
Active Filters 704
15.4 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog
Conversion 713
Digital-to-Analog Converters 714
Analog-to-Digital Converters 718
Data Acquisition Systems 723
15.5 Comparator and Timing Circuits 727
The Op-Amp Comparator 728
The Schmitt Trigger 731
The Op-Amp Astable Multivibrator 735
The Op-Amp Monostable Multivibrator
(One-Shot) 737
Timer ICs: The NE555 740
15.6 Other Instrumentation Integrated Circuits
Amplifiers 742
DACs and ADCs 743
Frequency-to-Voltage,
Voltage-to-Frequency Converters
and Phase-Locked Loops 743
Other Sensor and Signal Conditioning
Circuits 743
15.7 Data Transmission in Digital
Instruments 748
The IEEE 488 Bus 749
The RS-232 Standard 753
Chapter 14 Digital Systems 647
14.1 Sequential Logic Modules 648
Latches and Flip-Flops 648
Digital Counters 655
Registers 662
14.2 Sequential Logic Design 664
14.3 Microcomputers 667
14.4 Microcomputer Architecture 670
14.5 Microcontrollers 671
Computer Architecture 672
Number Systems and Number Codes
in Digital Computers 674
Memory Organization 675
Operation of the Central Processing Unit
(CPU) 677
Interrupts 678
Instruction Set for the MC68HC05
Microcontroller 679
Programming and Application Development
in a Microcontrollerr 680
14.6 A Typical Automotive Engine
Microcontroller 680
General Description 680
Processor Section 681
Memory 682
Inputs 684
Outputs 685
PART III ELECTROMECHANICS 766
Chapter 16 Principles
of Electromechanics 767
Chapter 15 Electronic
Instrumentation
and Measurements 689
16.1 Electricity and Magnetism 768
The Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law 768
Self- and Mutual Inductance 771
Ampère’s Law 775
16.2 Magnetic Circuits 779
16.3 Magnetic Materials and B-H Circuits 793
16.4 Transformers 795
16.5 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 799
Forces in Magnetic Structures 800
Moving-Iron Transducers 800
Moving-Coil Transducers 809
15.1 Measurement Systems and Transducers 690
Measurement Systems 690
Sensor Classification 690
Motion and Dimensional
Measurements 691
Force, Torque, and Pressure
Measurements 691
Flow Measurements 693
Temperature Measurements 693
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Contents
Chapter 17 Introduction
to Electric Machines 827
17.1 Rotating Electric Machines 828
Basic Classification of Electric Machines 828
Performance Characteristics of Electric
Machines 830
Basic Operation of All Electric
Machines 837
Magnetic Poles in Electric Machines 837
17.2 Direct-Current Machines 840
Physical Structure of DC Machines 840
Configuration of DC Machines 842
DC Machine Models 842
17.3 Direct-Current Generators 845
17.4 Direct-Current Motors 849
Speed-Torque and Dynamic Characteristics
of DC Motors 850
DC Drives and DC Motor Speed
Control 860
17.5 AC Machines 862
Rotating Magnetic Fields 862
17.6 The Alternator (Synchronous
Generator) 864
17.7 The Synchronous Motor 866
17.8 The Induction Motor 870
Performance of Induction Motors 877
AC Motor Speed and Torque Control 879
Adjustable-Frequency Drives 880
Chapter 19 Introduction
to Communication
Systems
19.1 Introduction to Communication Systems
Information, Modulation, and Carriers
Communications Channels
Classification of Communication Systems
19.2 Signals and Their Spectra
Signal Spectra
Periodic Signals: Fourier Series
Non-Periodic Signals: The Fourier Transform
Bandwidth
19.3 Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
Basic Principle of AM
AM Demodulaton: Integrated Circuit Receivers
Comment on AM Applications
19.4 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
Basic Principle of FM
FM Signal Models
FM Demodulation
19.5 Examples of Communication Systems
Global Positioning System
Sonar
Radar
Cellular Phones
Local-Area Computer Networks
Chapter 18 Special-Purpose
Electric Machines 889
Appendix A Linear Algebra
and Complex Numbers 933
18.1 Brushless DC Motors 890
18.2 Stepping Motors 897
18.3 Switched Reluctance Motors 905
Operating Principles of SR Machine 906
18.4 Single-Phase AC Motors 908
The Universal Motor 909
Single-Phase Induction Motors 912
Classification of Single-Phase Induction
Motors 917
Summary of Single-Phase Motor
Characteristics 922
18.5 Motor Selection and Application 923
Motor Performance Calculations 923
Motor Selection 926
Appendix B Fundamentals
of Engineering
(FE) Examination 941
Appendix C Answers
to Selected Problems 955
Index 961
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