Propagation_Handbook_for_Wireless_Communication_System_Design.pdf

Propagation

for Wireless

Communication

System Design

Robert K. Crane

CRC PRESS

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Handbook

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Crane, Robert K., 1935-

Propagation handbook for wireless communication system design / Robert K. Crane.

p. cm. — (Electrical engineering and applied signal processing series; 13)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-0820-8 (alk. paper)

1. Radio wave propagation—Mathematical models—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2.

Wireless communication systems—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. II. Series.

TK6552.C73 2003

621.384'11—dc21

2003043556

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material

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Preface

Wireless means different things to different people. For this book, it refers

to the radio systems that provide point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and

Earth-space communications over transmission links that propagate outside

buildings through the lower atmosphere. Wireless systems are being built

that provide data transmission between computers and other devices on

one’s own desk. These are part of the wireless world but not the part where,

except for interference perhaps, the atmosphere has any inﬂuence. The intent

of this book is to provide a description of the physical phenomena that can

affect propagation through the atmosphere, present sample measurements

and statistics, and provide models that system designers can use to calculate

their link budgets and estimate the limitations the atmosphere may place on

their design.

In the late 1980s, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(NASA) embarked on an observation program to provide propagation data

to aid in the design of the next generation satellite communication systems,

employing small and very small aperture antennas at the ground terminals.

The Advanced Communication Technology Satellite (ACTS) was launched

in 1993 and the ACTS propagation experiment began collecting calibrated

data on January 1, 1994. The author was chair of the science panel for this

experiment. The seven-site data collection phase of the experiment lasted

for 5 years. The experiment was designed to collect data in climate regions

that had not been previously explored and, at the same time, collect addi-

tional data at two locations that had been previously studied. An interim

report of this experiment was published in 1997 (

Proc. IEEE

, June 1997), but

no ﬁnal reporting has been attempted. Many of the sample measurements

presented in this book came from the ACTS propagation experiment. Some

results from the entire 5-year observation set are presented. As a result of

analyses of the ACTS data, several new propagation models were developed,

which are explained in detail in this book.

The propagation models presented in this book are useful for long and

short terrestrial paths and Earth-space paths. They are not speciﬁc to a small

band of frequencies, but will be useful as systems are designed to operate

at higher and higher frequencies. Propagation modeling should not be

viewed as a mature science. Improved models will become available as we

move to the higher frequencies or to new climates. An attempt has been

made to discuss the physical bases of each model and occasionally to indicate

directions for improvement. Some of the measurements and modeling results

presented in this book come from earlier unpublished work by the author.

They are included to expand on and support some of the more recent results.

Chapter 5 presents a new model for the prediction of rain-rate statistics

and a revision and improvement of the author’s two-component model for

the prediction of rain-attenuation statistics. The improved models predict

rain-rate and attenuation statistics for monthly, seasonal, and annual time

periods. The models also provide a prediction of the expected yearly varia-

tions of measured distributions about the predictions. Empirical distribu-

tions from the ACTS propagation experiment for annual, seasonal, and

monthly time periods are presented to conﬁrm the applicability of the new

models. The use of these models to predict space diversity improvement or

worst-month statistics has not changed from that given in an earlier mono-

graph and is not considered here.

This book focuses on propagation effects that can affect the availability

of a communication channel. It does not consider interference problems,

although they in turn may affect availability. The propagation models pre-

sented in the book can be coded for use in a spreadsheet or in a stand-alone

program that runs on a personal computer. No programs are included with

the book. A list of symbols is included at the end of each chapter. Some of

the symbols have different meanings in different sections.

The author wishes to acknowledge the patience and support of his wife

especially during the time taken to prepare this book. The author wishes to

acknowledge the support provided by NASA, NSF, and the U.S. Army and

Air Force with his research over the past four decades.

Robert K. Crane

Grantham, New Hampshire

Contents

Chapter 1 Propagation phenomena affecting wireless systems

1.1 Types of systems

1.2 Design criteria

1.3 Antenna considerations

1.3.1 Transmission loss

1.3.2 Antenna beamwidth

1.4 Propagation effects

1.4.1 Path attenuation

1.4.1.1 Atmospheric gases

1.4.1.2 Clouds and fog

1.4.1.3 Rain

1.4.1.4 Water layer

1.4.1.5 Building material

1.4.1.6 Vegetation

1.4.1.7 Obstacles

1.4.2 Refraction

1.4.2.1 Ray tracing

1.4.2.2 Ducting

1.4.2.3 Effective Earth’s radius

1.4.2.4 Tropospheric scatter

1.4.2.5 Scintillation

1.4.3 Receiver noise

1.5 Propagation models

1.6 Model veriﬁcation

1.7 Statistics and risk

1.7.1 Stationarity

1.7.2 Variability model distribution

1.7.2.1 Lognormal model

1.7.2.2 Normal distribution model

1.7.2.3 Gamma distribution model

1.7.2.4 Weibull distribution model

1.7.2.5 Model selection

1.7.3 Risk

1.8 List of symbols

References

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