Trumper - The Universe in X-Rays.pdf - ASTRONOMIA - wiechomiczek

ASTRONOMY AND

ASTROPHYSICS LIBRARY

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E. K. Grebel, Heidelberg, Germany

B. Leibundgut, Garching, Germany

J. Lequeux, Paris, France

A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland

V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA

mper

G ¨ nther Hasinger (Eds.)

The Universe

in X-Rays

With 237 Figures, 40 in Color and 19 T ables

ABC

Joachim E.

mper

G nther Hasinger

Max-Planck-Institut

f r extraterrestische Physik

85748 Garching

Germany

E-mail: jtrumper@mpe.mpg.de

grh@mpe.mpg.de

Cover illustrations: above: ROSAT all-sky survey; from Max-Planck-Institut fuer extraterrestrische

Physik; below: 15. Nov. 2006, Credit: NASA/CXC/MIT/UMass Amherst/M.D. Stage et al.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007933496

ISSN 0941-7834

ISBN

978-3-540-34411-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

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Preface

In the early years of X-ray astronomy, one of us (J. E. T.) had always a book in reach,

entitled “X-ray Astronomy” and edited by Riccardo Giacconi and Herbert Gursky

about a decade after they had opened the ﬁeld by the discovery of Scorpius X-1 and

the X-ray background. This book summarized all the knowledge at the time, based

on the results from the pioneering rocket and balloon experiments and from Uhuru,

the ﬁrst satellite entirely dedicated to X-ray astronomy.

Since those early times X-ray astronomy has evolved with enormous pace. The

number of known sources has increased by a factor of thousand, but more important,

they now comprise almost all classes of astronomical objects – from planets, moons

and comets out to clusters of galaxies and quasars. In the era of multi-wavelength

astronomy X-ray observations provide insight into extreme physical conditions pre-

vailing in all these sources – very high temperatures, very strong gravitational ﬁelds,

super-nuclear densities, extreme concentrations of relativistic particles.

The intent of this book is to summarize the present status of the ﬁeld, which has

become quite challenging, since the number of publications in refereed journals has

risen to more than 20 000. Therefore the coverage cannot be complete, but must

rather be representative. We apologize for omitting any important ideas, methods or

results.

The authors of the various chapters are mainly scientists working at the Max-

Planck-Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the home of ROSAT, or colleagues who

have been working closely with us during the last 20 years. Besides ROSAT, the

main sources of information have been the other X-ray satellites of the nineties

– ASCA, RXTE and BeppoSAX – and their more recent successors – Chandra,

XMM-Newton, INTEGRAL, Swift and Suzaku – which have used novel instru-

mentation to produce a wealth of knowledge on the universe seen at high energies.

This book addresses mainly scientists who are teaching the subject, and young

scientists entering the ﬁeld, as well as astronomers from neighbouring disciplines

and physicists interested in one of the most exciting ﬁelds of astrophysics. It is or-

ganized in a straightforward way: We start with a discussion of instruments and

methods in part I and then continue in parts II and III with the status of galactic and

extragalactic X-ray astronomy respectively, ordering the contributions in a geocen-

tric fashion. In Chapter 26 a short summary of the current plans for future missions

in X-ray astronomy is given.

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