Glass Structures - design and construction of self-supporting skins.pdf

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JAN WURM
GLASS
STRUCTURES
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
SELF-SUPPORTING SKINS
Birkhäuser
Basel ⋅ Boston ⋅ Berlin
Jan Wurm works for Arup Materials and Arup Facade Engineering in
London as an architect, designer, and project manager.
www.arup.com
www.trosifol.com
www.dorma-glas.de
Translation from German into English: Raymond Peat, Aberdeenshire, UK,
and Elizabeth Schwaiger, Picton /Canada
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007924610
Bibliographic information published by the German National Library
The German National Library lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografi e;
detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in other ways, and storage in data
bases. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained.
This book is also available in a German language edition (ISBN 978-3-7643-7607-9).
© 2007 Birkhäuser Verlag AG
Basel · Boston · Berlin
P.O. Box 133, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland
Part of Springer Science+Business Media
Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TCF
∞
Layout concept and cover design: Muriel Comby, Basel
Typesetting: Continue AG, Basel
Cover photograph: Arup
Printed in Germany
ISBN: 978-3-7643-7608-6
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
www.birkhauser.ch
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Foreword by Graham Dodd
5
Preface and Acknowledgments
6
1 INTRODUCTION
9
2 SPANS OF GLASS
17
2.1 FROM LEAFY ARBOUR TO CLIMATE SKIN – THE SEARCH FOR PARADISE
18
Early period and Christian sacred architecture
19
The modern era
21
2.2 THE GLASS ROOF: FORM, FUNCTION AND CONSTRUCTION
25
3 FLAT GLASS AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
33
3.1 PROPERTIES OF GLASS
34
Flat glass as a load-bearing material
36
Flat glass as a building skin material
39
3.2 BASIC GLASS – FLOAT GLASS, ROLLED GLASS AND DRAWN GLASS
45
Manufacturing processes
46
Implications for design and construction
48
Implications for building skins
48
3.3 THE MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF GLASS – CUTTING, DRILLING AND GRINDING
49
3.4 THE THERMAL TREATMENT OF GLASS – TEMPERING, ENAMELLING, BENDING AND SURFACE TEXTURING
54
Tempering
54
Enamelling and printing on glass
58
Thermal bending of glass
59
“Texturing” glass
62
3.5 LAYERING AND BONDING OF PANES: LAMINATED GLASS AND LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS
64
Manufacture and fi nishing
64
Implications for design and construction
66
Implications for the building skin
68
3.6 COATING THE PANES AND SEALING THE EDGES: INSULATING GLASS
72
Surface coatings
72
The build-up of insulating glass
75
Implications for design and construction
76
Implications for building skins
78
4 DESIGN AND CONNECTIONS
83
4.1 DESIGNING WITH GLASS
84
Flat glass as a building skin and construction element
84
Connections
85
Design calculation procedures
89
4.2 THE USE OF GLASS PANES IN BUILDING SKINS
94
Glazing types
95
Residual load-bearing capacity of panes
97
Connections
98
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4.3 THE USE OF GLASS PLATES AND BEAMS IN STRUCTURES
104
Plates loaded in compression
104
Shear plates
105
Columns, glass fi ns and beams
108
Residual load-bearing capacity of glass
111
Connections
112
5 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
119
5.1 OVERVIEW
120
User demand profi les
125
5.2 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING SKIN GEOMETRIES
128
The glass courtyard – the fl at or inclined roof
128
The glass band – the curved or folded roof
130
The glass core – the double-curved roof
132
6 GLASS STRUCTURES
137
6.1 FORMS OF LOAD-BEARING STRUCTURES IN FLAT GLASS
138
6.2 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS
140
Grid geometry
141
Redundancy: safety in non-hierarchical structures
144
The safe design of glass structures loaded in compression
146
Modules and planes of connection
148
6.3 LOAD-BEARING GLASS STRUCTURES
150
Beams and trusses
152
Plate structures
154
Cellular structures
160
7 PROJECTS
165
7.1 BACKGROUND OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
166
7.2 THE GLASS COURTYARD – PLANAR LOAD-BEARING SYSTEMS
168
7.3 THE GLASS BAND – CURVED LOAD-BEARING SYSTEMS
210
7.4 THE GLASS CORE – DOUBLE-CURVED LOAD-BEARING SYSTEMS
226
8 OUTLOOK
241
APPENDIX
249
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
250
PICTURE CREDITS
253
PARTNERS
255
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