18th_century_chemical_terms_list.pdf
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18th_century_chemical_terms_list
A
Absorbent Earth
Chalk, marble, and clays. No specific formulas. Generally carbonates, silicates, and sulfates.
Acesunt
Any substance which is slightly acid, or turning sour.
Acetated Earths, Metals, Etc.
Acetates (C
2
H
3
O
2
¯).
Acetous Acid
Impure acetic acid from vinegar.
Acetum
Referring to vinegar, or to a compound made from vinegar, as in "acetum radicatum."
Acid Air (Priestley)
Hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Acid From Ants
Formic acid (HCOOH).
Acid, Nitri Phlogistic
See Nitrous Air.
Acid of Amb er
Succine acid (C
4
H
6
O
4
).
Acid of Apples
Malic acid (C
4
H
6
O
5
).
Acid of Arsenic
Arsenic acid (H
3
AsO
4
).
Acid of Barberry
Malic acid.
Acid of Benzoin
Benzoic acid (C
6
H
5
COOH).
Acid of Borax
Boric acid (H
3
BO
3
).
Acid of Burning Sulphur
Sulfurous acid (H
2
SO
3
).
Acid of Four Spar
Hydrofluoric acid (mixed usually with silicon fluoride) (HF; SiF
4
).
Acid of Lemons
Citric acid (C
6
H
8
O
7
).
Acid of Milk
Lactic acid (C
3
H
6
O
3
).
Acid of Milk-Sugar
Mucic acid (COOH(CHOH)
4
COOH).
Acid of Molybdaena
Molybdic acid (H
2
MoO
4
).
Acid of Nitre
Nitric acid (HNO
3
).
Acid of Phosphorus
Phosphoric acid (H
3
PO
4
).
Acid of Salt
Hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Acid of Sea-Salt
Hydrochloric acid, alone, or in a compound (i.e., the Cl¯ radical).
Acid of Sorrel
Oxalic acid (COOH COOH).
Acid of Sugar
Oxalic acid (COOH COOH).
Acid of Tamarinds
Tartaric acid (C
4
H
6
O
6
).
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Acid of Tartar
Tartaric acid.
Acid of Urine
Phosphoric acid (H
3
PO
4
)
Acid of Vinegar
Acetic acid (CH
3
COOH).
Acid of Vitriol
Sulfuric acid (H
2
SO
4
)
Acidium Aereum
Carbon dioxide (CO
2
).
Acidium Mephiticum
Carbon dioxide (CO
2
).
Acidium Pingue
J.F. Meyer's hypothesized "fatty acid."
Acidium Sacchari
Oxalic acid (COOH COOH).
Acid Vitriolated Tartar
Potassium hydrogen sulphate (KHSO
4
).
Adopters
Small, circular vessels with a necked opening and a spout opposite. Ther were connected between
the distilling head and the receiver.
Aduration
A union or combination into one.
Aerated Alkali
Any alkali carbonate (e.g., K
2
CO
3
).
"Aerated" Compounds (Bergman)
Carbonates (CO
3
2
¯).
Aerated Lime
Calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
).
Aerated Water
Water containing dissolved carbon dioxide.
Aer Hepaticus
Hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S).
Aerial Acid
Carbon dioxide (CO
2
).
Aerugo (Aeruca) (Rust of Copper)
See Verdigris.
Aer Urinosum
Ammonia (NH
3
).
Aethiops Mercuriales
See Athiops Mineralis.
Aethiops Mineralis (Aethiops Mercuriales)
Black mercuric sulphide (H
2
S).
Air
Generally, any substance in gaseous state.
Air (Priestley)
A gaseous substance which could not be liquified by cold.
Air, Dephlogisticated
Oxygen (O
2
).
Air, Fixed
Carbon dioxide (CO
2
).
Air, Hepatic
Hydrogen sulphide (H
2
S).
Air, Inflammable
Hydrogen (H
2
).
Air, Marine Acid
Hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Air, Mephitic
Carbon dioxide (CO
2
).
Air, Phlogisticated
Nitrogen (N
2
).
Air, Vital
Oxygen (O
2
).
Air of Flour Spar
Hydrofluoric acid gas (usually with silicon fluoride) (HF).
Air of Vitriol
Sulphur dioxide (SO
2
).
Alaunerde
Alumina (Al
2
O
3
).
Alembic
Usually spirit of wine (CH
3
CH
2
OH) (sometimes
any
very fine powder).
A type of distillation apparatus.
Alexipharmic
A remedy or preservative against poison.
Alicant Kelp
Crude sodium carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
).
Alk. Min. Vitriol
Sodium sulphate (Na
2
SO
4
).
Alkahest
Originally, the universal solvent (alchmeical term)
Alkahest Glauber
See Fixed vegetable alkali (K
2
CO
3
)
Alkahest of Reapour
See fixed vegetable alkali (K
2
CO
3
)
Alkahest of Van Helmot (Glauber's Alkahest)
concentrated potassium carbonate (K
2
CO
3
)
Alkalescent
Any substance which is slightly alkaline or turning alkaline
Alkali, Caustic
Hydroxides (OH¯)
Alkali, Common mineral
Sodium Carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
.
10H
2
O)
Alkali, Concrete Volatile
Ammonium carbonate (NH4)
2
CO
3
)
Alkali, Fossil
Sodium Carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
)
Alkali, Marine
Sodium Carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
)
Alkali, Mild
Carbonates (CO
3
2
¯)
Alkali, Vegetable, Fixed
Potassium Carbonate (K
2
CO
3
)
Alkali, Vegetable, Mild
Potassium Carbonate (K
2
CO
3
)
Alkali, Volatile
Ammonia (NH
3
)
Alkali of Soda
Sodium carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
)
Alkali of Tartar
Potassium Carbonate (K
2
CO
3
)
Alkali of Wine Lees
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Alcohol
Potassium cArbonate (K
2
CO
3
)
Alkali Veg. Saltium
Potassium chloride (KCl)
Alkali Veg. Vitriolat
Potassium sulphate (K
2
SO
4
)
Alkaline Air (Priestly)
Ammonia gas (NH
3
)
Alkalized Nitre
See fixed nitre
Allay
Alloy
Allonge
See Adopters
Alterant
Anything which alters of changes the state of another
Aludels
A unit of a mutiple-head, earthenware distilling apparatus. Usually used for sublimations.
Alum
Alumen
Mixed double salts of aluminum sulphate with potassium sodium or ammonium sulfate.
(Potassium salt, when pure, was most commonly called "Alum."). (Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
K
2
SO
4
.
24H
2
O);
(Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.
24H
2
O); (Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
Na
2
SO4
.
24H
2
O).
Aluminum sulphate (Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
Alumen Ustum (Burnt Alum)
alum dehydrated by heating
Amalgam
Any mercury alloy
Ammoniacal Nitre
Ammonium nitrate (NH
4
NO
3
)
Ammonium Fixatum (Fixed Ammoniac)
The residue on heating sal ammoniac with lime, i. e., calcium chloride (CuCl
2
)
Ammonium Nitrosum
Ammonium nitrate (NH
4
NO
3
)
Animal Alkali
Ammonium carbonate [(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
]
Anodyne
A medicine or drug which alleviates pain.
Antichlor
Hydrated sodium thiosulfate (Na
2
S
2
O
3
)
Antimonial Caustic
Antimony trichloride (SbCl
3
)
Antimonium Diaphoreticum
Misture of antimony oxide and potassium antimoniate (Sb
2
O
3
; KSbO
3
)
Antimony
Antimony sulfide (Sb
2
S
3
) (pre-eighteenth century). Pure antimony was called "regulus of
antimony."
Antizeumic
Opposed to fermentation
Aqua Fortis
Concentrated nitric acid (HNO
3
)
Aqua Phaganeda or Phagadenica
A mixture of corrosive sublimate and limewater
Aqua Regia
Misture of HCl and HNO
3
. Various proportions were used, depending on the material to be
dissolved. Commonly, more nitric acid than hydrochloric was employed.
Aqua Secunda
Dilute nitric acid , often used for cleaning metals and minerals.
Ardent Spirit
Ethyl alcohol obtained after repeated distillations (CH
3
CH
2
OH)
Argillaceous Earth
Clay
Aromatic Oil
Any "oil" with a sweet or exotic odor. Often an essential oil.
Arsenic
Arsenic trioxide (As
2
O
3
)
Arsenical Sal Ammoniac
Ammonium arsenate (NH
4
)HAsO
4
.
Ash, Black
Impure sodium carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
).
Ash, Pearl
See Pearl Ash
Ash, Pot
See potash
Ashes of Tin
Stannic oxide (SnO
2
)
A quantitative determination of the metal in an ore or alloy
Atramentum
Ferrous sulfate (FeSO
4
)
Attrition
The action of rubbing one body against another; mutual friction.
Auripigmentum
Arsenic trisulfide (As
2
S
3
)
Aurum Fulminans
An explosive gold compound prepared from gold dissoled in "Aqua Regia" and a solution of
ammonium carbonate. The exact formula is still in doubt.
Avolation
Evaporation,escape, act of "flying away."
Azote
Azure
nitrogen (N
2
)
A blue pigment from cobalt
Azurite
Basic copper (cubric) carbonate (2CuCO
3
.
Cu(OH)
2
B
Baking Soda
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO
3
)
Balloons
Vessels used to receive condensation products in distillation.
Balneum Mariae
The water bath used for heating more delicate materials such as animal and vegetable mater.
Balsam
Light oily aromatic ext racts from trees which cure into resins.
Barilla
Impure soda extracted from soap-wort (impure Na
2
CO
3
)
Barite, Baryte(s)
Barium sulfate (BaSO
4
)
Barium oxide (BaO)
Basis or Base
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