THE AMERICAN AGE.pdf

THE AMERICAN AGE

United States Foreign Policy

at Home and Abroad

WALTER LAFEBER

Second Edition

1750 to the Present

Contents

1. The Roots of American Foreign Policy (1492-1789)

THE BEGINNINGS: GOLD, GOD, AND PARADISE

THE CITY ON A HILL—AND ON THE WATER

THE FIRST AMERICANS

THE AMERICAN "MULTIPLICATION TABLE" AND THE EUROPEAN

POWER STRUGGLE

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AND THE PROBLEMS OF A RISING PEOPLE

THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION (1765-1775)

THE FOREIGN POLICY OF INDEPENDENCE (1776)

THE FRENCH TRAP

BITTERSWEET RESULTS OF PEACE

TO THE CONSTITUTION: "WHAT WILL RENDER US RESPECTABLE

ABROAD?"

THE "GRAND MACHINE" OF THE CONSTITUTION

GREAT LOSERS: THE ANTIFEDERALISTS

2. A Second Struggle for Independence and Union (1789-1815)

LIBERTY AND EMPIRES

THE FRAMEWORK: THE UNITED STATES (1789-1814)

CHOSEN PEOPLE, THE BRITISH EMPIRE, AND THE FRENCH

REVOLUTION

A TURN: FROM JAY TO X Y Z

JEFFERSON AND LOUISIANA

THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE AND UNION

FROM NEAR-CATASTROPHE TO NEAR-VICTORY

3. The First, the Last: John Quincy Adams and the Monroe Doctrine (1815-1828)

WINDMILLS, CLIPPER SHIPS, AND GOOD FEELINGS

ADAMS

SETTING THE STAGE

THE TRANSCONTINENTAL TREATY

OPENING "A GREAT TRAGIC VOLUME"—AND JULY 4, 1821

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

GREAT LOSERS: ADAMS THE PRESIDENT

4. The Amphibious Expansion of a Sixty-Five-Hundred-Thousand-Horsepower

Steam Engine (1828-1850) 94

THE CONTEXT: MANIFEST DESTINY AND RAILROADS IN RUSSIA

REMOVING NATIVE AMERICANS

THE ROAD TO CHINA

TEXAS, MARIA CHILD, AND JAMES K. POLK

WEBSTER, POLK, AND LOOKING JOHN BULL IN THE EYE

THE "FIRE-BRAND IN THE BODY": THE MEXICAN WAR AND SLAVERY

TWO NEAR-MISSES AND A NEAR-SETTLEMENT

MANIFEST DESTINY IN CENTRAL AMERICA

THE LEGACIES OF MANIFEST DESTINY AND JAMES K. POLK

5. The Climax of Early U.S. Foreign Policy: The Civil War (1850-1865)

FOREIGN POLICY AS A CAUSE OF THE CIVIL WAR

YOUNG AMERICA: SOUTH, NORTH, AND AT HOME

WHIGS AND ASIA

SEWARD: PROPHET OF U.S.-RUSSIAN RELATIONS

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CUBA

LINCOLN AND THE FOREIGN-POLICY DREAMS OF 1860-1861

THE DIPLOMACY OF THE CIVIL WAR

6. Laying the Foundations for "Superpowerdom" (1865-1896)

LEGACIES OF THE CIVIL WAR

THE CONTEXT OF THE ERA: TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY

A CHRONOLOGY OF POSTWAR EXPANSION: THE ALASKA PURCHASE

AND A BACKLASH

A CHRONOLOGY OF POSTWAR EXPANSION: WINNING THE WEST

A CHRONOLOGY OF POSTWAR EXPANSION: AFRICA AND LATIN

AMERICA

A CHRONOLOGY OF POSTWAR EXPANSION: THE PACIFIC AND ASIA

THE 1865-TO-1896 ERA: A CONCLUSION

7. Turning Point: The McKinley Years (1896-1900)

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LATE 1890s

MCKINLEY AND MCKINLEYISM

TWO CRISES, ONE WAR

"A SPLENDID LITTLE WAR ..."

... FOR CONTROL OF CUBA AND PUERTO RICO

... AND THE CONQUEST OF THE FILIPINOS

MCKINLEY'S TRIUMPHS IN CHINA

... AND A FINAL TRIUMPH AT HOME

8. The Search for Opportunity: Rough Riders and Dollar Diplomats (1901-1913)

THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY U.S.

FOREIGN POLICY

THE AMERICAN SEARCH FOR OPPORTUNITY: A NEW PRESIDENCY

FOR A NEW FOREIGN POLICY

EAST, NORTH, AND SOUTH TO AN ISTHMIAN CANAL

A GREAT DEPARTURE: THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

THE FATEFUL TRIANGLE: THE UNITED STATES, CHINA, AND JAPAN,

1900-1908

TAFT, KNOX, AND DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY IN ASIA

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY IN LATIN AMERICA AND CANADA

THE IRONY OF 1900-1913

9. Wilsonians, Revolutions, and War (1913-1917)

THE WORLD OF WOODROW WILSON

WILSON AND REVOLUTION: CHINA

WILSON AND REVOLUTIONS: MEXICO (OR, PAINTING THE FENCE

POST WHITE)

WILSON AND REVOLUTIONS: CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE

CARIBBEAN

THE UNITED STATES AND WORLD WAR I: LEGALITY VERSUS

NEUTRALITY (1914-1916)

THE DECISIONS FOR WAR (1916-1917)

10. Victors without Peace (1917-1920)

WILSON'S APPROACH TO WAR AND PEACE

OVER THERE: THE WESTERN FRONT

OVER THERE: IN SOVIET RUSSIA

PREPARING FOR PARIS

THE "BLACK CLOUD" OVER PARIS

AT PARIS: THE PRICE OF THE COVENANT

AT PARIS: A "SANITARY CORDON" INSTEAD OF A "SANITARY

EUROPE"

IN WASHINGTON: THE DEFEAT OF THE COVENANT

11. The Rise and Fall of the American Structure for World Order (1920-1933)

HARDING, HUGHES, AND HOOVER

NEW RULES FOR AN OLD GAME: THE WASHINGTON TREATY SYSTEM

(1921-1922)

"CAPITAL ... AND STATE CRAFT ... GO HAND IN HAND": THE

REPUBLICANS' SYSTEM

THE RULES FOR THE NEW REPUBLICAN SYSTEM

A CASE STUDY: EUROPE AND THE NEW RULES OF THE GAME

THE OUTCAST—SOVIET RUSSIA—AND THE RULES OF THE GAME

"GOD, J. P. MORGAN AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY" ARE NOT

ENOUGH: THE COLLAPSE OF THE SYSTEM (1929)

COLLAPSE OF THE WASHINGTON TREATY STRUCTURE: ASIA AND

WAR

GETTING "BLUE" OVER LATIN AMERICA

THOSE "BOLSHEVISTS" IN MEXICO AND NICARAGUA

CONCLUSION

12. FDR and the Entry into World War II (1933-1941)

THE SECOND ROOSEVELT

LONDON, FAILURE, AND HULL

IMPROVING THE NEIGHBORHOOD

THE IMMEDIATE NEIGHBORHOOD: CUBA AND MEXICO

GERMANS, JAPANESE, AND A ONE-ARMED NUTCRACKER

"ISOLATIONISTS" VERSUS "INTERNATIONALISTS"

AMERICANS AND THE HOLOCAUST

THE DILEMMA OF "QUARANTINING" JAPAN (1937-1939)

CONJURING UP THE GHOST OF MUNICH (1937-1939)

AMERICA'S PHONY WAR OF 1939-1941

THE REAL WAR (1941)

SERGEANT YORK AND THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE AMERICAN

CENTURY

PEARL HARBOR AND A "FEELING ... OF RELIEF"

THE LESSONS OF THE 1930s

13. World War II: The Rise and Fall of the Grand Alliance (1941-1945)

THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE: LAYING FOUNDATIONS IN THE

GLOOM (1941-1942)

AT WASHINGTON AND CASABLANCA: PREVIEWING THE COLD WAR

(1942-1943)

TEHRAN: THE MOMENTS OF TRUTH (1943)

To YALTA: BY WAY OF OMAHA BEACH (1944)

TO YALTA: BY WAY OF BRETTON WOODS AND QUEBEC (1944)

TO YALTA, WITH A DETOUR AT MOSCOW

To YALTA: FDR'S ROCKY ROAD

YALTA ...

... AND AFTER

HARRY TRUMAN AT POTSDAM

A DIFFERENT WORLD: THE ATOMIC BOMB AND JAPAN'S SURRENDER

CONCLUSION

14. The Cold War, or the Renewal of U.S.-Russian Rivalry (1945-1949)

TRUMAN AND A NEW WORLD

THE VICTOR IN A HOSTILE WORLD: EUROPE

THE VICTOR IN A HOSTILE WORLD: ASIA

DEAN ACHESON'S AMERICAN CENTURY

THE AWFUL YEAR OF 1946: EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST

THE AWFUL YEAR OF 1946: ATOMIC ENERGY AND HENRY WALLACE

CREATING THE POSTWAR WORLD: KENNAN AND THE LONG

CREATING THE POSTWAR WORLD: THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE

CREATING THE POSTWAR WORLD: THE MARSHALL PLAN

CREATING THE POSTWAR WORLD: LIPPMANN'S LAMENTS,

TRUMAN'S TRIUMPHS

CREATING THE POSTWAR WORLD: ALLIANCES WITH LATIN

AMERICA

CREATING THE POSTWAR WORLD: NATO

WINNING THE COLD WAR

15. The Big Turn: The Era of the Korean War (1949-1952)

TWO SHOCKS AND A NEW WORLD

NSC-68: WHY AND HOW THE U.S. WILL FIGHT THE COLD WAR

THE DECISION TO BUILD THE "SUPER": ATOMIC POLICY (1945-1952)

MCCARTHY, ACHESON, AND THE CALL TO ACTION

KOREA: THE UNEXPECTED WAR

THE BIG TURN OF 1949-1950: PRESIDENTIAL POWER AND THE UN

THE BIG TURN OF 1949-1950: REMARRYING CHIANG ON TAIWAN

THE BIG TURN OF 1949-1950: JAPAN

THE BIG TURN OF 1949-1950: INDOCHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

THE BIG TURN OF 1949-1950: REARMING WEST GERMANY

THE BIG TURN OF 1949-1950: ROLLBACK AND THE START OF A

TWENTY-YEAR U.S.-CHINA CONFLICT

MCCARTHY AND MACARTHUR

CONCLUSION: THE BIG TURN OF 1949-1951

16. The Era of Eisenhower: The Good Old Days (1953-1960)

EISENHOWER AND DULLES: AT HOME

EISENHOWER AND DULLES ABROAD: CAPITALISM AND NUCLEAR

WARS

EISENHOWER AND DULLES ABROAD: REVOLUTIONS AND THE CIA

"YOU BOYS MUST BE CRAZY": EISENHOWER AND INDOCHINA (1953-

1954)

PICKING UP THE PIECES IN ASIA (1954-1961)

THE "AGONIZING REAPPRAISAL": EISENHOWER, DULLES, AND

EUROPE

A TURN: SUEZ AND HUNGARY, 1956

EUROPE IS EUROPEANIZED AS THE U.S. ECONOMY IS LESS U.S.

(1957-1960)

EISENHOWER, HIS DOCTRINE, AND CRISIS (1957-1960)

CASTRO AND THE THREAT TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE (1957-1960)

SPUTNIK VERSUS U-2: THE U.S.-SOVIET RIVALRY (1957-1960)

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