chap01.pdf
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Pobierz
The First
Civilizations
and
and
Empires
Empires
Prehistory–
Prehistory–
A
.
D
.
A
.
D
.
500
500
Why It Matters
For hundreds of thousands of years, human
beings survived by hunting, fishing, and gathering
food and supplies in an often hostile environment.
In the space of a few thousand years, human
beings began to master the art of growing food
crops. As more food was produced, the population
grew, and people began to live in cities, form
governments, and develop writing and art.
Historians call this process the beginning of
civilization.
T
HE
F
IRST
H
UMANS
Prehistory–3500
B
.
C
.
CHAPTER 1
W
ESTERN
A
SIA
AND
E
GYPT
3500–500
B
.
C
.
CHAPTER 2
I
NDIA
AND
C
HINA
3000
B
.
C
.–
A
.
D
. 500
CHAPTER 3
A
NCIENT
G
REECE
1900–133
B
.
C
.
CHAPTER 4
R
OME
AND
THE
R
ISE
OF
C
HRISTIANITY
600
B
.
C
.–
A
.
D
. 500
CHAPTER 5
The “Maiden Porch” of the Erechtheion, overlooking the
city of Athens, Greece, is an example of Greek architecture
from the fifth century
B
.
C
.
age fotostock/SuperStock
1
age fotostock/SuperStock
The First Humans
Prehistory–3500
B
.
C
.
Section 1
Early Humans
Section 2
The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization
MAKING CONNECTIONS
What is civilization?
These cave paintings in Lascaux, France, illustrate the animals early
people hunted 17,000 years ago during the Ice Age. Images like these
give us glimpses into the life of early humans. In this chapter you will
learn how humans gradually shifted from temporary to permanent
settlements and began establishing civilizations.
• How do you think the first humans got their food?
• How would you define civilization?
c. 1,500,000
B
.
C
.
Homo erectus
appears
c. 3,000,000
B
.
C
.
Australopithecines
flourish in Africa
T
HE
W
ORLD
3,500,000
B
.
C
.
2,000,000
B
.
C
.
200,000
B
.
C
.
c. 2,500,000
B
.
C
.
Paleolithic humans
carve with stone tools
c. 250,000
B
.
C
.
Homo sapiens
species develops
2
(l) Charles & Josette Lenars/CORBIS, (r) Pascal Goetgheluck/Photo Researchers
P
er i
od
Ne
olith
ic
Ag
e
c. 100,000
B
.
C
.
Neanderthals living
in Germany
Describing
Create
a Three-Tab Book to
record aspects of
tools, hunting, and
art that occurred during the Neolithic
Age and the Bronze Age. Conduct
additional research to add facts,
illustrations, or maps to your Foldable.
Bro
nze
A
ge
c. 8000
B
.
C
.
Systematic agriculture
develops
150,000
B
.
C
.
10,000
B
.
C
.
3500
B
.
C
.
c. 8000
B
.
C
.
Neolithic humans
practice burial rituals
3000
B
.
C
.
Bronze Age
begins
(ISTORY
/.,).%
Chapter Overview—
Visit
glencoe.com
to preview Chapter 1.
(l) Sissie Brimberg/National Geographic/Getty Images, (r) Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS
Early Humans
Where did early humans live? How did they live, and what
happened to them? To answer these questions, scientists study
the evidence left by prehistoric people. Although researchers
have new and better ways of studying the past, there is much
we still do not know.
GUIDE TO READING
The BIG Idea
Physical Geography
Human life devel-
oped in different stages over millions of years and
by 10,000
B
.
C
.,
Homo sapiens sapiens
had spread
throughout the world.
Before History
Content Vocabulary
• prehistory
(p.
4)
• archaeology
(p.
4)
• artifact
(p
. 4)
• anthropology
(p
. 4)
• fossil
(p
. 4)
• hominid
(p.
6)
•
Australopithecus (p.
7)
•
Homo sapiens sapiens
(p.
7)
• “out-of-Africa” theory
(p.
7)
Scientists use fossils and artifacts as clues to how early humans lived.
HISTORY & YOU
What would people in the future think of American culture
based on what we leave behind?
Historians rely mostly on documents, or written records, to cre-
ate their pictures of the past. However, no written records exist for
the prehistory of humankind. In fact,
prehistory
means the time
before writing was developed. The story of prehistoric humans
depends on archaeological and, more recently, biological evidence.
Archaeologists and anthropologists use this information to create
theories
about our early past.
Academic Vocabulary
• theory
(p.
4)
• survive
(p.
8)
People and Places
• Olduvai Gorge
(p.
6)
• Paleolithic Age
(p
. 8)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information
As you
read, create a chart like the one below to help you
study.
Archaeology and Anthropology
Archaeology
is the study of past societies through analysis of
what people left behind. Archeologists dig up and examine
artifacts
—objects made by humans. Artifacts may be tools, weapons,
art, and even buildings made by early humans.
Anthropology
is the study of human life and culture. Culture
includes what people wear, how they organize their society, and
what they value. Anthropologists use artifacts and human
fossils
to create a picture of peoples’ everyday lives. Fossils are rocklike
remains of biological organisms—a leaf imprint or a skeleton.
Archaeologists and anthropologists have developed scientific
methods to carry out their work. They excavate, or dig up land, at
sites around the globe to uncover fossil remains of early humans,
ancient cities, burial grounds, and other objects. The examination
and analysis of these remains give archaeologists a better under-
standing of ancient societies. By examining artifacts such as
pottery, tools, and weapons, for example, these scientists learn
about the social and military structures of a society. By analyzing
bones, skins, and plant seeds, they are able to piece together the
diet and activities of early people. One of the most important and
difficult jobs of both archaeologists and anthropologists is dating
their finds.
Tool
Effect
4
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