Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Genetics - William D. Stansfield.pdf - medyczne (angielski) - wojtek3101993

SCHAVM'S OUTLINE OF

THEORY AND PROBLEMS

GENETICS

Third Edition

WILLIAM D. STANSFIELD, Ph.D.

Emeritus Professor of Biological Sciences

California Polytechnic State University

at San Luis Obispo

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WILLIAM D. STANSFIELD has degrees in Agriculture (B.S., 1952), Education

(M.A.. I960), and Genetics (M.S., 1962; Ph.D.. 1963; University of California

at Davis). His published research is in immunogenetics, twinning, and mouse

genetics. From 1957 to 1959 be was an instructor in high school vocational

in agriculture. He was a faculty member of the Biological Sciences Depart-

ment of California Polytechnic State University from 1963 to 1992 and is

now Emeritus Professor. He has written university-level textbooks in evolu-

tion and serology/immunology, and hascoauthored a dictionary of genetics.

Schaum"?. Outline of Theory ami Problem* of

GENETICS

in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Ad of 1976. no part

of this publicaliori may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a

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Stansfleld, William D.

Schaum's ouiline of theory and problems of genetics / William D.

StansfieM—3rd ed.

p. cm.—(Schaum's outline series)

Includes index.

ISBN 0-07-060877-6

I. Genetics—Problems, exercises, etc.

I. Title.

II. Title:

Outline of theory and problems of genetics.

QH44O.3.S7 1991

S75.I—dc20

90-41479

CIP

McGraw-Hill

Preface

Genetics, the science of heredity, is a fundamental discipline in the biological sciences.

All living things are products of both "nature and nurture." The hereditary units (genes)

provide the organism with its "nature"—its biological potentialities/1 imitations—whereas

the environment provides the "nurture,** interacting with the genes (or their products)

to give the organism its distinctive anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral

characteristics.

Johann (Gregor) Mendel laid the foundations of modem genetics with the publication

of his pioneering work on peas in 1866, but his work was not appreciated during his

lifetime. The science of genetics began in 1900 with the rediscovery of his original paper.

In the next ninety years, genetics grew from virtually zero knowledge to the present day

ability to exchange genetic material between a wide range of unrelated organisms. Medicine

and agriculture may literally be revolutionized by these Tecent developments in molecular

genetics.

Some exposure to college-level or university-level biology is desirable before em-

barking on the study of genetics. In this volume, however, basic biological principles

(such as cell structures and functions) are reviewed to provide a common base of essential

background information. The quantitative (mathematical) aspects of genetics are more

easily understood if the student has had some experience with statistical concepts and

probabilities. Nevertheless, this outline provides all of the basic rules necessary for solving

the genetics problems herein presented, so that the only mathematical background needed

is arithmetic and the rudiments of algebra.

The original focus of this book remains unchanged in this third edition. It is still

primarily designed to outline genetic theory and. by numerous examples, to illustrate a

logical approach to problem solving. Admittedly the theory sections in previous editions

have been "bare bones," presenting just enough basic concepts and terminology to set

the stage for problem solving. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this third edition

to bring genetic theory into better balance with problem solving. Indeed, many kinds of

genetics problems cannot be solved without a broad conceptual understanding and detailed

knowledge of the organism being investigated. The growth in knowledge of genetic

phenomena, and the application of this knowledge (especially in the fields of genetic

engineering and molecular biology of eucaryotic cells), continues at an accelerated pace.

Most textbooks that try to remain current in these new developments are outdated in some

respects before they can be published. Hence, this third edition outlines some of the more

recent concepts that are fairly well understood and thus unlikely to change except in

details. However, this book cannot continue to grow in size with the Held; if it did, it

would lose its "outline" character. Inclusion of this new material has thus required the

elimination of some material from the second edition.

Each chapter begins with a theory section containing definitions of terms, basic

principles and theories, and essential background information. As new terms are introduced

they appear in boldface type to facilitate development of a genetics vocabulary. The first

page reference to a term in the index usually indicates the location of its definition. The

theory section is followed by sets of type problems solved in detail and supplementary

problems with answers. The solved problems illustrate and amplify the theory, and they

bring into sharp focus those fine points without which students might continually feel

themselves on unsafe ground. The supplementary problems serve as a complete review

iii

PREFACE

of the material of each chapter and provide for the repetition of basic principles so vital

to effective learning and retention.

In this third edition, one or more kinds of "objective" questions (vocabulary, match-

ing, multiple choice, true-false) have been added to each chapter. This is the format used

for examinations in some genetics courses, especially those at the survey level. In my

experience, students often will give different answers to essentially the same question

when asked in a different format. These objective-type questions are therefore designed

to help students prepare for such exams, but they are also valuable sources of feedback

in self-evaluation of how well one understands the material in each chapter. Former

chapters dealing with the chemical basis of heredity, the genetics of bacteria and phage,

and molecular genetics have been extensively revised. A new chapter outlining the mo-

lecular biology of eucaryotic cells and their viruses has been added.

1 am especially grateful to Drs. R. Cano and J. Colome for their critical reviews of

the last four chapters. Any errors of commission or omission remain solely my respon-

sibility. As always, I would appreciate suggestions for improvement of any subsequent

printings or editions.

WILLIAM D. STANSFIELD

Contents

Chapter 1 THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF HEREDITY

Genetics. Cells. Chromosomes. Cell division. Mendel's

laws. Gametogenesis. Life cycles.

Chapter 2 SINGLE-GENE INHERITANCE

Terminology. Allelic relationships. Single-gene (monofac-

torial) crosses. Pedigree analysis. Probability theory.

Chapter 3 TWO OR MORE GENES

Independent assortment. Systems for solving dihybrid

crosses. Modified dihybrid ratios. Higher combinations.

Chapter 4 GENETIC INTERACTION

Two-factor interactions. Epistatic interactions. Nonepistatk

interactions. Interactions with three or more factors. Pleio-

tropism.

Chapter 5 THE GENETICS OF SEX

The importance of sex. Sex determining mechanisms. Sex-

linked inheritance. Variations of sex linkage. Sex-influenced

traits. Sex-limited traits. Sex reversal. Sexual phenomena

in plants.

Chapter

LINKAGE AND CHROMOSOME MAPPING

110

Recombination among linked genes. Genetic mapping.

Linkage estimates from F 2 data. Use of genetic maps. Cross-

over suppression. Tetrad analysis in ascomycetes. Recom-

bination mapping with tetrads. Mapping the human genome.

Chapter

7 STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS

159

The binomial expansion. The Poisson distribution. Testing

genetic ratios.

Chapter 8 CYTOGKNETICS

The union of cytology with genetics. Variation in chromosome

number. Variation in chromosome size. Variation in the ar-

rangement of chromosome segments. Variation in the number

of chromosomal segments. Variation in chromosome mor-

phology. Human cytogenetics.

177

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