Wind Energy Systems For Electric Power Generation-2008-201Pag-Springer.pdf

Green Energy and Technology

Manfred Stiebler

Wind Energy Systems

for Electric Power

Generation

With 146 Figures and 15 Tables

123

Author

Prof. Dr. Manfred Stiebler

Technical University of Berlin

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and

Computer Science

Inst. of Energy and Automation Technology

Einsteinufer 11, D-10587 Berlin

Germany

manfred.stiebler@iee.tu berlin.de

ISBN: 978-3-540-68762-7

e-ISBN: 978-3-540-68765-8

Springer Series in Green Energy and Technology ISSN 1865-3529

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008929626

2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is

concerned, speciﬁcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,

reproduction on microﬁlm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication

or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,

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liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

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Printed on acid-free paper

987654321

springer.com

Preface

Among renewable sources wind power systems have developed to prominent sup-

pliers of electrical energy. Since the 1980s they have seen an exponential increase,

both in unit power ratings and overall capacity. While most of the systems are found

on dry land, preferably in coastal regions, off-shore wind parks are expected to add

signiﬁcantly to wind energy conversion in the future.

The theory of modern wind turbines has not been established before the 20th

century. Currently wind turbines with three blades and horizontal shaft prevail. The

driven electric generators are of the asynchronous or synchronous type, with or with-

out interposed gearbox. Modern systems are designed for variable speed operation

which make power electronic devices play an important part in wind energy conver-

sion. Manufacturing has reached the state of a high-tech industry.

Countries prominent for the amount of installed wind turbine systems feeding

into the grid are in Europe Denmark, Germany and Spain. Outside Europe it is the

United States of America and India who stand out with large rates of increase. The

market and the degree of contribution to the energy consumption in a country has

been strongly inﬂuenced by National support schemes, such as guaranteed feed-in

tariffs or tax credits.

Due to the personal background of the author, the view is mainly directed on

Europe, and many examples are taken from the German scene. However, the situa-

tion in other continents, especially North America and Asia is also considered.

This book was written from the standpoint of electrical engineering. It is meant to

provide basic knowledge on wind energy systems for graduate students of technical

disciplines, and for engineers who seek overview information apart from their own

special ﬁeld. The intention is to convey the properties and performance of wind

rotors and of the electrical components both to the electrical and the mechanical

engineer.

The author wishes to extend special thanks to his colleagues Prof. Dr. R. Gasch

and Prof. Dr. J. Twele to whom he owes valuable communication during a year-

long cooperation at TU Berlin in common projects pertaining to wind energy. Also,

thanks are due to Springer-Verlag for their care during the book production.

Berlin, Germany

M. Stiebler

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