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What Are Sports Injuries?
Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public
“Sports injuries” are injuries that happen when playing sports or exercising. Some
are from accidents. Others can result from poor training practices or improper
gear. Some people get injured when they are not in proper condition. Not
warming up or stretching enough before you play or exercise can also lead to
injuries. The most common sports injuries are:
l Sprains and strains
l Knee injuries
l Swollen muscles
l Achilles tendon injuries
l Pain along the shin bone
l Fractures
l Dislocations.
What’s the Difference Between an Acute and a Chronic Injury?
U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services
Public Health Service
There are two kinds of sports injuries: acute and chronic. Acute injuries occur
suddenly when playing or exercising. Sprained ankles, strained backs, and
fractured hands are acute injuries. Signs of an acute injury include:
l Sudden, severe pain
l Swelling
l Not being able to place weight on a leg, knee, ankle, or foot
l An arm, elbow, wrist, hand, or finger that is very tender
l Not being able to move a joint as normal
l Extreme leg or arm weakness
l A bone or joint that is visibly out of place.
National Institute of Arthritis
and Musculoskeletal and
Skin Diseases
National Institutes of Health
1 AMS Circle
Bethesda, MD 20892–3675
Chronic injuries happen after you play a sport or exercise for a long time. Signs of
a chronic injury include:
l Pain when you play
l Pain when you exercise
l A dull ache when you rest
l Swelling.
Phone: 301–495–4484
Toll free: 877–22–NIAMS
TTY: 301–565–2966
Fax: 301–718–6366
Email: NIAMSinfo@mail.nih.gov
Web site: www.niams.nih.gov
What Should I Do if I Get Injured?
Never try to “work through” the pain of a sports injury. Stop playing or
exercising when you feel pain. Playing or exercising more only causes more harm.
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Updated June 2009
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What Are Sports Injuries?
Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public
Some injuries should be seen by a doctor right away. Others you can treat yourself.
Call a doctor when:
l The injury causes severe pain, swelling, or numbness
l You can’t put any weight on the area
l An old injury hurts or aches
l An old injury swells
l The joint doesn’t feel normal or feels unstable.
If you don’t have any of these signs, it may be safe to treat the injury at home. If the pain or
other symptoms get worse, you should call your doctor. Use the RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression,
and Elevation) method to relieve pain, reduce swelling, and speed healing. Follow these four
steps right after the injury occurs and do so for at least 48 hours:
l Rest. Reduce your regular activities. If you’ve injured your foot, ankle, or knee, take
weight off of it. A crutch can help. If your right foot or ankle is injured, use the crutch on
the left side. If your left foot or ankle is injured, use the crutch on the right side.
l Ice. Put an ice pack to the injured area for 20 minutes, four to eight times a day. You
can use a cold pack or ice bag. You can also use a plastic bag filled with crushed ice and
wrapped in a towel. Take the ice off after 20 minutes to avoid cold injury.
l Compression. Put even pressure (compression) on the injured area to help reduce
swelling. You can use an elastic wrap, special boot, air cast, or splint. Ask your doctor
which one is best for your injury.
l Elevation. Put the injured area on a pillow, at a level above your heart, to help reduce
swelling.
How Are Sports Injuries Treated?
Treatment often begins with the RICE method. Here are some other things your doctor may
do to treat your sports injury.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Your doctor will suggest that you take a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as
aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, or naproxen sodium. These drugs reduce swelling and pain.
You can buy them at a drug store. Another common drug is acetaminophen. It may relieve
pain, but it will not reduce swelling.
Immobilization
Immobilization is a common treatment for sports injuries. It keeps the injured area from
moving and prevents more damage. Slings, splints, casts, and leg immobilizers are used to
immobilize sports injuries.
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What Are Sports Injuries?
Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public
Surgery
In some cases, surgery is needed to fix sports injuries. Surgery can fix torn tendons and
ligaments or put broken bones back in place. Most sports injuries don’t need surgery.
Rehabilitation (Exercise)
Rehabilitation is a key part of treatment. It involves exercises that step by step get the injured
area back to normal. Moving the injured area helps it to heal. The sooner this is done, the
better. Exercises start by gently moving the injured body part through a range of motions.
The next step is to stretch. After a while, weights may be used to strengthen the injured area.
As injury heals, scar tissue forms. After a while, the scar tissue shrinks. This shrinking brings
the injured tissues back together. When this happens, the injured area becomes tight or
stiff. This is when you are at greatest risk of injuring the area again. You should stretch the
muscles every day. You should always stretch as a warmup before you play or exercise.
Don’t play your sport until you are sure you can stretch the injured area without pain, swelling,
or stiffness. When you start playing again, start slowly. Build up step by step to full speed.
Rest
Although it is good to start moving the injured area as soon as possible, you must also take
time to rest after an injury. All injuries need time to heal; proper rest helps the process. Your
doctor can guide you on the proper balance between rest and rehabilitation.
Other Therapies
Other common therapies that help with the healing process include mild electrical currents
(electrostimulation), cold packs (cryotherapy), heat packs (thermotherapy), sound waves
(ultrasound), and massage.
What Can People Do to Prevent Sports Injuries?
These tips can help you avoid sports injures.
l Don’t bend your knees more than half way when doing knee bends.
l Don’t twist your knees when you stretch. Keep your feet as flat as you can.
l When jumping, land with your knees bent.
l Do warmup exercises before you play any sport.
l Always stretch before you play or exercise.
l Don’t overdo it.
l Cool down after hard sports or workouts.
l Wear shoes that fit properly, are stable, and absorb shock.
l Use the softest exercise surface you can find; don’t run on asphalt or concrete.
l Run on flat surfaces.
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What Are Sports Injuries?
Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public
For adults:
l Don’t be a “weekend warrior.” Don’t try to do a week’s worth of activity in a day or two.
l Learn to do your sport right. Use proper form to reduce your risk of “overuse” injuries.
l Use safety gear.
l Know your body’s limits.
l Build up your exercise level gradually.
l Strive for a total body workout of cardiovascular, strength-training, and flexibility exercises.
For parents and coaches:
l Group children by their skill level and body size, not by their age, especially for contact sports.
l Match the child to the sport. Don’t push the child too hard to play a sport that she or he
may not like or be able to do.
l Try to find sports programs that have certified athletic trainers.
l See that all children get a physical exam before playing.
l Don’t play a child who is injured.
l Get the child to a doctor, if needed.
l Provide a safe environment for sports.
For children:
l Be in proper condition to play the sport.
l Get a physical exam before you start playing sports.
l Follow the rules of the game.
l Wear gear that protects, fits well, and is right for the sport.
l Know how to use athletic gear.
l Don’t play when you are very tired or in pain.
l Always warm up before you play.
l Always cool down after you play.
What Research Is Being Done on Treating Sports Injuries?
Today, treating a sports injury is much better than in the past. Most people who get sports
injuries play sports and exercise again. Doctors have many new ways to treat sports injuries.
Some of these new ways include:
l Arthroscopy (fiber optic scopes put through small cuts in the skin to see inside joints)
l Tissue engineering (using a person’s own tissues or cells to help heal injuries)
l Targeted pain relief (pain-reducing drug patches put directly on the injured area).
l Advanced imaging techniques (like x rays) that will lead to better diagnosis
and treatment.
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What Are Sports Injuries?
Fast Facts: An Easy-to-Read Series of Publications for the Public
For More Information About Sports Injuries and Other Related Conditions:
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
National Institutes of Health
1 AMS Circle
Bethesda, MD 20892–3675
Phone: 301–495–4484
Toll free: 877–22–NIAMS (226–4267)
TTY: 301–565–2966
Fax: 301–718–6366
Email: NIAMSinfo@mail.nih.gov
Web site: www.niams.nih.gov
The information in this publication was summarized in easy-to-read format from information in a more detailed
NIAMS publication. To order the Sports Injuries Handout on Health full-text version, please contact NIAMS using
the contact information above. To view the complete text or to order online, visit http://www.niams.nih.gov.
For Your Information
This fact sheet contains information about medications used to treat the health condition
discussed here. When this fact sheet was printed, we included the most up-to-date (accurate)
information available. Occasionally, new information on medication is released.
For updates and for any questions about any medications you are taking, please contact the
Food and Drug Administration at 888–INFO–FDA (888–463–6332, a toll-free call) or visit its
Web site at www.fda.gov.
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