Glossary of Contracting.pdf

A Jointing. See Joining.

AA. Aluminum Association.

AAA. American Arbitration Association.

AAC. 1. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete.

AAN. American Association of Nurserymen.

AASHTO. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

Abacus. The flat slab on top of a column capital, supporting the architrave.

Abandonment. The failure of both parties to a contract to abide by its terms.

Abattoir. A slaughterhouse; a place where animals are butchered for food.

Aberration. A distortion of an image produced by a faulty lens or mirror.

Above Ground Tank. A large above ground vessel used for the storage of liquids.

Abrade. Scrape or wear away by friction.

Abrams' Law. A rule stating that with given concrete materials and conditions of test, the ratio of the amount of water to the amount of the cement in the

mixture determines the strength of the concrete, provided the mixture is of a workable consistency.

Abrasion Resistance. Ability of a surface to resist being worn away by rubbing and friction.

Abrasion. Wearing away by friction.

Abrasive Coatings.

A method of measuring viscosity using the poise as the basic measurement unit; this method utilizes a partial vacuum to induce flow in the

viscometer.

The volume of an ingredient in its solid state, without voids between individual pieces or particles; in the case of fluids, the cubic content

occupied; in concrete, it is the actual volume occupied by the different ingredients determined by dividing the weight of each ingredient in

pounds by its specific gravity times the weight of one cubic foot of water in pounds; example. the absolute volume of one sack of cement

equals 94 divided by 3.15 times 62.4 equals 0.478 cubic feet.

Absolute Zero. A theoretical lowest possible temperature, at which all molecular motion ceases, calculated to be exactly minus 273.15 ° Centigrade or minus

459.67° Fahrenheit.

Absorb. To swallow up or suck in, like wood absorbing a finishing material.

Absorbed Moisture. Moisture that has entered a solid material by absorption and has physical properties not substantially different from ordinary water at the

same temperature and pressure; in aggregates, that water which is not available to become part of the mixing water.

Absorbent. Having the ability to suck up liquid, gas, or heat.

In closed coating of paper no adhesive is exposed, as surface of paper is completely covered with abrasive; in open coating, surface of

backing paper is covered with regulated amount of abrasive, exposing the adhesive; space between the abrasive grains reduces loading

and filling when sanding gummy or soft materials.

Abrasive Paper. Paper with an abrasive surface; sandpaper, emery paper; garnet paper.

Abrasive Surface Tile. Floor tile that has been roughened to be slip-resistant.

Abrasive Surface. A surface that has been roughened for safety or for warning.

Abrasive. A substance used for wearing, grinding, cleaning, or polishing by rubbing or grinding.

ABS Pipe. A plastic pipe sold in 10 and 20 foot lengths in various diameters for plumbing stacks and drains; used primarily for drain lines.

ABS. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene; a plastic used for piping; has high resistance to impact, heat, and chemicals.

Absolute Humidity. The density of water vapor per unit volume of air.

Absolute Pressure. The pressure measured by a gauge plus a correction for the effect of air pressure on the gauge (l4.7 psi at sea level).

Absolute Temperature. Temperature measured from absolute zero.

Absolute Viscosity.

Absolute Volume.

Absorber. The blackened surface in a solar collector that absorbs the solar radiation and converts it to heat energy.

Absorptance. The ratio of light absorbed by a material to incident light falling on it.

Absorption Chiller.

A system similar to a vapor compression chiller with the exception that it does not use a compressor, but uses thermal energy (low

pressure steam, hot water, or other hot liquids) to produce the cooling effect.

Absorption Coefficient.

The absorption coefficient of a material or sound-absorbing device is the ratio of the sound absorbed to the sound incident on the material

or device; the sound absorbed by a material or device is usually taken as the sound energy incident on the surface minus the sound energy

reflected.

1. The speed at which the real estate market can absorb new offerings of land or buildings during a specified period of time. 2. The amount

of water absorbed when a brick is partially immersed for one minute; usually expressed in either grams or ounces per minute per 30 sq. in;

also called suction or initial rate of absorption.

Absorption Refrigerator. Refrigerator which creates low temperatures by using the cooling effect formed when a refrigerant is absorbed by chemical substance.

Absorption, Total. The amount of water a masonry unit will absorb when immersed in water. Absorption. The relationship of the weight of the water absorbed

by a material specimen subjected to prescribed immersion procedure, to the weight of the dry specimen, expressed in percent.

Abstract of Title. A written summary of all transactions that could affect the ownership of a piece of real property, including deeds, leases, liens, and wills.

Abutment Piece or Member. The bearing plate or piece of a wall system to which the loads are transferred.

Abutment.

The lateral supporting structure of an arch, bridge or similar pressure; that part of a pier or wall from which an arch springs, specifically the

support at either end of an arch, beam or bridge; that part of a structure which takes the thrust of a beam, arch, vault, truss or girder; the

part of a bridge that supports the end of the span and prevents the bank from sliding under it; a foundation that carries gravity and also

thrust loads.

AC Relay. An electromagnetic or electromechanical valve or switch using small currents and voltages to control the making or breaking of electrical

contacts on a circuit.

AC. 1. Air Conditioning. 2. Asphaltic Concrete. 3. Alternating Current.

Accelerate. To quicken or hasten the natural progress of certain actions or events.

Accelerated Depreciation. The declining balance and sum of the year's digits method which give greater depreciation to the early years of the life of the assets.

Accelerating Admixture. Substance that increases the rate of hydration, shortens setting time, or increases strength development in concrete, mortar, grout, or

plaster.

Acceleration Clause. A clause in a mortgage or trust deed that would allow the lender to call the whole loan due at any time that certain specified events occur,

such as a default in payments or sale of the property.

Acceleration. 1. Requiring change order work to be done without extension of the contract time. 2. An increase in the rate of speed.

Accelerator.

A substance which, when added to concrete, mortar, grout, or plaster, increases the rate of hydration of the hydraulic cement, shortens the

time of setting, or increases the rate of hardening of strength development, or both; materials used to speed up the setting of mortar or

concrete.

Accelerogram. The record from an accelerograph showing acceleration as a function of time.

Acceptance. 1. Manifestation that a party assents or agrees to a contract. 2. Approval of the work of a construction contract.

Access Control. A computerized security system designed to protect against unauthorized entry into buildings or building areas.

Access Door. A door or panel creating a means of access for the inspection or repair of concealed equipment.

Access Floor. A raised floor platform with removable panels to provide access to the area below.

Access Panel. Removable or swinging panel, usually flush with adjoining surface to provide access to concealed equipment or system components for

inspection and maintenance purposes.

Access Stair. A stair system to provide specific access to roofs, mechanical equipment rooms, or as a means of emergency exit.

Access/Secure Control Unit. The controlling device of a computerized security system designed to protect against unauthorized entry into buildings or building areas.

Accessible Heremetic. Assembly of motor and compressor inside a single bolted housing unit.

Absorption Rate.

Accessible Location. A location which can be reached by standing on the floor, platform, runway, or other permanent working area.

Accessible.

1. As applied to equipment, admitting close approach because not guarded by locked doors (unless keys are readily available to those

requiring access), elevation or other effective means. 2. As applied to wiring methods, not permanently closed in by the structure or finish

of the building; capable of being removed without disturbing the building structure, finish, or fixed appurtenance thereto.

1. Tile accessories, ceramic or non-ceramic articles, affixed to or inserted in tile work, as exemplified by towel bars, paper, soap and

tumbler holders, grab bars and the like. 2. Concrete accessories, implements or devices used in the formwork, pouring, spreading, and

finishing, of concrete surfaces.

Accessory, Reinforcing. Items used to facilitate the installation of masonry or concrete reinforcing.

Accessory. An object or device aiding or contributing in a secondary way.

Accord and Satisfaction. Conduct of a debtor that indicates agreement to an amount of money owed by the debtor to a creditor.

Accordion Folding Door. A folding, hinged, or creased door with rollers which run along a track.

Accordion Partition. A folded, creased, or hinged interior dividing wall.

Account balance. The difference between the sum of the debits and credits.

Account. A statement of transactions during a fiscal period and the resulting balance in each category of income and expense.

Accounting Period. The time that elapses between the preparation of financial statements.

Accounting. The recording and auditing of financial accounts.

Accounts Payable. Money owed by the firm to vendors for services or materials.

Accounts Receivable. Money owed to the firm for services rendered or for reimbursements.

Accretion. An increase of land area by the gradual or imperceptible action of natural forces.

Accrual Accounting. A method of keeping accounting records in which income is recorded when services are rendered and expenses are recorded when

incurred, rather than when cash is received or paid out.

Accruals. The recognition of income and expenses as they occur even though they are not received or paid for until a later period.

Accrued Expenses. The entry into the liability accounts of expenses, incurred but not paid, at a given date.

Accrued Income. The entry into the asset accounts of income earned, but not received, at a given date.

Accrued Interest. Interest that has been earned but not yet paid.

Accrued Liabilities. Amounts representing liabilities incurred, but not paid, by a given date.

Accumulator. Storage tank which receives liquid refrigerant from evaporator and prevents it from flowing into suction line before vaporizing.

Acetic Acid. A compound, which in the pure state is a colorless, pungent, biting liquid; vinegar contains 4 to 12 percent of acetic acid.

Acetone. A water-white volatile, highly flammable solvent with ether-like odor; made by destructive distillation of hardwood, fermentation of butyl

alcohol, and from petroleum sources; used extensively in making paint removers; dimethyl ketone; see Ketones.

Acetylene. A colorless hydrocarbon gas, burning with a bright flame, used as a fuel in welding and soldering.

ACGIH. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.

Achromatic. 1. Having no color, being black, gray, or white. 2. Being neutral in color. 3. Difficult to color. 4. Lenses practically free from light of

unwanted color.

ACI. American Concrete Institute.

Acid Condition In System. Condition in which refrigerant or oil in system is mixed with fluids that are acid in nature.

Acid Demand. Amount of acid required to lower pH and total alkalinity of pool water to correct level.

Acid Etch. 1. The use of acid to cut lines into metal or glass. 2. The use of acid to remove the surface of concrete.

Acid Number.

A designation of the amount of free acid in oils, flats, waxes and resins, expressed as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide

required to neutralize one gram of the material being tested.

Accessories

A sour substance, one which liberates hydrogen ions in water and is sour and corrosive; will turn litmus red and has a pH of less than 7;

acids are generally divided into two classes. (1) strong mineral or inorganic acids such as sulfamic, sulfuric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, or

nitric, (2) weak organic or natural acids such as acetic (vinegar), citric (citrus fruit juices), oxalic, and fatty acids (oleic) such as palmitic and

stearic.

Acidity. A general term applying to substances on the acid side of neutral.

Acid-Proof Counter. A horizontal work surface resistant to acid spills.

Acid-Resistant Grout. A grout that resists the effect of prolonged contact with acids.

Acid-Test Radio. A calculation of a firm's liquidity position; that is the ratio of its quick assets (readily convertible to cash) to current liabilities.

ACM. Asbestos-Containing Material.

ACORD 25-S. A form of insurance certificate issued by Agency Company Organization for Research and Development which has replaced the AIA

standard form.

Acoustic Paint. Paint which absorbs or deadens sound.

Acoustic. 1. Relating to sound or the sense of hearing. 2. The properties of a room or auditorium in transmitting sound.

Acoustical and Insulating

Materials Association (AIMA). 205 W. Touhy Avenue, Park Ridge, Illinois 60068, (312) 692-5178.

Acoustical Block. A masonry block used for its sound-absorbing qualities.

Acoustical Materials. Those capable of absorbing sound waves.

Acoustical Panel. Ceiling and wall mounted modular units composed of sound absorbing materials.

Accoustical Plaster and Plastic.

Sound absorbing finishing materials mill-formulated for application in areas where a reduction in sound reverberation or noise intensity is

desired; these materials usually are applied to a minimum thickness of 1/2 inch and generally provide a noise reduction coefficient of at

least .45 decibels.

Acoustical Tile. Ceiling panels in board form used for its sound absorbing properties, sometimes used on walls.

Acoustical Treatment. The act or process of applying acoustical materials to walls and ceilings.

Acoustical. Relating to sound or to the sense of hearing.

Acoustics. The science of sound including its production, transmission, and effects.

ACR Tubing. Tubing used in air conditioning and refrigeration; ends are sealed to keep tubing clean and dry.

Acre. 1. A piece of land measuring 43,560 square feet. 2. Unit for measuring land, equal to 43,560 square feet or 4840 square yards or 160

square rods.

Acre-Foot. A volume unit for measuring large quantities of water as in reservoirs and lakes; the amount of water that would cover one acre one foot

deep, equal to 43,560 cubic feet.

Acre-Inch. One twelfth of an acre-foot.

ACRI. Air-Conditioning & Refrigeration Institute.

Across. The application of gypsum board where the long dimension is applied at right angles to the framing.

Acrylic Carpet. A carpet made from acrylic fiber composed of synthetic polymers.

Acrylic Plastics. Plastics based on resins made by the polymerization of acrylic monomers, such as ethyl acrylate and methecrylate.

Acrylic Resins.

Family of synthetic resins made by polymerizing esters of acrylic acid; synthetic resins of excellent color and clarity used in both emulsion

and solvent-based paints.

Acrylic.

1. A general class of resinous polymers derived from esters, amides or other acrylic aid derivatives. 2. A transparent plastic material used in

sheet form for window glass and skylights.

Acid Rain. Sulfur dioxide emissions combining with water in the atmosphere and falling to the earth.

Acid Resisting Brick. Brick suitable for use in contact with chemicals, usually in conjunction with acid-resistant mortars.

Acid.

Acrylics.

In carpeting, generic term including acrylic and modified acrylic (modacrylic) fibers; acrylic is a polymer composed of at least 85% by

weight of acrylonitrile; modacrylic is a polymer composed of less than 85% but at least 35% by weight of acrylonitrile.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene-

Styrene. Plastic material used in manufacturing drainage pipe and fittings.

Act of God. An unexpected event, not within the control of either party, that makes the performance of a contract impossible, unreasonable, or illegal.

Activated Carbon. Specially processed carbon used as a filter-drier; commonly used to clean air; pulverized carbon treated to be especially adsorbent.

Activated Charcoal. See Activated Carbon.

Activator. A catalyst, curing agent, or coreactant, as for an epoxy resin.

Active Door. In a pair of doors, the leaf that opens first and the one to which the lock is applied.

Active Pressure. The pressure exerted by retained earth; such as the earth retained by a retaining wall.

Active System. A solar heating or cooling system that requires outside mechanical power to move the collected heat.

Actual Dimension. The true size of a piece of lumber after it has been milled and dried; see Nominal Dimension.

Actual Notice. The giving of notice by mailing it or handing it to the recipient.

Actuator. That portion of a regulating valve which converts mechanical fluid, thermal energy, or electrical energy into mechanical motion to open or

close the valve seats.

Acute Angle. An angle of less than 90 degrees.

AD Plywood. A designation or gradation of plywood. The A and the D designate quality of surface layers.

Ad Valorem. A tax imposed at a percentage rate of the value of the property, such as property tax.

ADA. Americans with Disabilities Act.

Adapter Terminal. Electrical fitting attached to the end of a conductor or to a piece of equipment, for taking power from an outlet in a way for which it was

not designed.

Adapter, Cubicle. See Cubical Adapter.

Adapter. A mechanical device for connecting two different parts.

Adaptive reuse. Adapting an old or historical building for a new purpose.

Addenda. A revision in the contract document made prior to the execution of the owner-contractor contract.

Additive Alternate. An alternate bid that, if accepted, adds to the contract price.

Additive. A substance added to another to impart different or special qualities; an admixture.

Adhered Veneer. A veneer secured and supported through adhesion to an approved bonding material applied over an approved backing.

Adhered. Attached by adhesion, rather than mechanical anchorage, as adhered veneer.

Adherence. The properties of bodies for sticking together.

Adherend Failure. Failure of an adhesive joint when the separation is within the adherend.

Adherend. A body that is held to another body by an adhesive.

Adhesion Type Ceramic

Veneer. Thinner sections of ceramic veneer, held in place by adhesion of mortar to unit and to backing; no metal anchors are required.

Adhesion, Mechanical. Adhesion between surfaces in which the adhesive holds the parts together by interlocking action.

Adhesion.

1. The state in which two surfaces are held together by interfacial forces which may consist of valence forces or interlocking action, or

both; bonding strength; the attraction of a coating to the substrate, or of one coat of paint to another. 2. The soil quality of sticking to

buckets, blades, and other parts of excavators.

Adhesive Application. A means of applying gypsum board utilizing adhesives and supplemental mechanical fasteners.

Adhesive Bond. A relationship between two materials in contact with each other causing them to stick or adhere together by means other than cohesion.

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