How can industry be classified?
There are four types of industry. These are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.
Primary industry involves getting raw materials e.g. mining, farming and fishing.
Secondary industry involves manufacturing e.g. making cars and steel.
Tertiary industries provide a service e.g. teaching and nursing.
Quaternary industry involves research and development industries e.g. IT.
Industrial Systems
Factories have inputs, processes and outputs. Inputs can be the raw materials need to make something. Inputs can also be labour, buildings, capital and machinery. Processes are the things which go on within the factory. This is usually the manufacturing of goods. It can also be design and research - anything needed to make something. Outputs are the things which leave the factory. This can include the finished product, profit or even waste.
What affects the location of industry?
There are many factors which affect the location of industry. These include raw materials, labour supply, markets, transport and Government Policy.
Multinational Companies
MNCs or Multinational companies are large companies which are located in more than one country. Examples include Coca Cola and Nike.
What is the farming system?
Farming is an example of a primary industry. Like a factory, a farm can be seen as a system with a series of inputs, processes and outputs.
Inputs can be divided into human and physical factors. Human inputs include labour, capital (money), machinery, seeds, fertiliser and young stock. Physical inputs include climate and weather, soil, relief (shape of the land) and slope.
Processes are the things that go on within the farm. This includes harvesting, ploughing, rearing animals and milking.
How can farms be classified?
Farming systems are determined by the type of farm. Farms can be classified as being arable, pastoral, mixed and market gardening.
Arable farms grow crops. Pastoral farms specialise in rearing animals. Mixed farms are both pastoral and arable.
Farms that have a high level of inputs are intensive. These achieve a high yield per hectare. An example would be arable farming in East Anglia or rice farming in South East Asia.
Those farms that have low input and output per hectare are extensive. An example would be a sheep farm in North Wales or a cattle ranch in Brazil.
Farms can also be classified by what happens to their outputs. On subsistence farms the produce is consumed by the farmer. Any surplus is usually sold to buy other goods. Farms that sell the majority of their produce are known as commercial farms.
Examples of farm types:
Extensive
Intensive
Commercial
Hill sheep farming in Snowdonia. The poor soils and harsh climate make this area ideal for hill sheep farming.
Market gardening in the Netherlands.
Subsistence
Shifting cultivation in the Amazon rainforest Nomadic pasturalism in central Africa
Rice farming in the Punjab region of India. The system requires a large amount of inputs e.g. labour, seeds and fertilisers. Usually the produce is consumed by the farmers. Any food left over is traded for other food, machinery or other resources.
Secondary IndustrySteel Industry
Why is there a modern coastal steel works at Redcar-Lackenby?
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The initial advantage of this area was the availability of raw materials such as coal (Durham Coalfield), Lime stone (North Yorkshire and Durham) and Iron Ore (Cleveland Hills) for the early iron and steel industry.
Nowadays the main heavy industry in this area is steel manufacturing. In 1976 one of the four remaining integrated iron and steel works in The UK was constructed at Red-Car Lackenby on the River Tees. The steel works is located at the mouth of the River Tees. Can you find it on the map below? (Move your mouse over its location)
Image produced from the Ordnance Survey Get-a-map service.Image reproduced with kind permission of Ordnance Survey and Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland.
There are a number of reasons for this location:
1. There are large areas of flat, reclaimed land near the mouth of the river. 2. The River Tees is a deep water port. This is essential for importing raw materials (coals, iron ore and Limestone) from cheaper markets in Europe and exporting steel around the world. 3. The river provides water necessary in the manufacturing process4. The estuary is downwind from the main urban areas on Teeside. Therefore air pollution disperses over the North See4. Skilled labour force
As land values increase towards the city centre buildings become higher. It is cheaper to build upwards than across!
Landuse is the function of land - what it is used for. Land use varies from area to area. In rural areas (countryside) land use can include forestry and farming. In urban areas (towns and cities) land use could be housing or industry. Land use in urban areas in MEDCs varies from land use in urban areas in LEDCs.
What are land use models?
Landuse models are theories which attempt to explain the layout of urban areas. A model is used to simplify complex, real world situations, and make them easier to explain and understand. There are two main landuse models that apply to urban areas in MEDCS (More Economically Developed Countries). The Burgess ModelThe model below is the Burgess model (also known as the Concentric Model)
The Hoyt ModelThe model below is the Hoyt model (also known as the Sector Model).
Function/Landuse Zones in a typical city in the UK
Landuse models contain functional zones showing landuse. The main zones are identified below. Click each zone to discover characteristics.
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