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Beginning Python
From Novice to Professional,
Second Edition
■■■
Magnus Lie Hetland
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Beginning Python: From Novice to Professional, Second Edition
Copyright © 2008 by Magnus Lie Hetland
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-59059-982-2
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Contents at a Glance
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
About the Technical Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxv
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
CHAPTER 1 Instant Hacking: The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CHAPTER 2 Lists and Tuples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CHAPTER 3 Working with Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
CHAPTER 4 Dictionaries: When Indices Won’t Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
CHAPTER 5 Conditionals, Loops, and Some Other Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
CHAPTER 6 Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
CHAPTER 7 More Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
CHAPTER 8 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
CHAPTER 9 Magic Methods, Properties, and Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
CHAPTER 10 Batteries Included . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
CHAPTER 11 Files and Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
CHAPTER 12 Graphical User Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
CHAPTER 13 Database Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
CHAPTER 14 Network Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
CHAPTER 15 Python and the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
CHAPTER 16 Testing, 1-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
CHAPTER 17 Extending Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
CHAPTER 18 Packaging Your Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
CHAPTER 19 Playful Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
CHAPTER 20 Project 1: Instant Markup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
CHAPTER 21 Project 2: Painting a Pretty Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
CHAPTER 22 Project 3: XML for All Occasions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
CHAPTER 23 Project 4: In the News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
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CHAPTER 24 Project 5: A Virtual Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
CHAPTER 25 Project 6: Remote Editing with CGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
CHAPTER 26 Project 7: Your Own Bulletin Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
CHAPTER 27 Project 8: File Sharing with XML-RPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
CHAPTER 28 Project 9: File Sharing II—Now with GUI! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
CHAPTER 29 Project 10: Do-It-Yourself Arcade Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
APPENDIX A The Short Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
APPENDIX B Python Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
APPENDIX C Online Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
APPENDIX D Python 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
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Contents
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
About the Technical Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
CHAPTER 1
Instant Hacking: The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Installing Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Linux and UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Macintosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Other Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Keeping in Touch and Up-to-Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
The Interactive Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Algo . . . What? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Numbers and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Large Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Hexadecimals and Octals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Getting Input from the User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
cmath and Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Back to the __future__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Saving and Executing Your Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Running Your Python Scripts from a Command Prompt . . . . . . . . . . 20
Making Your Scripts Behave Like Normal Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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