Impedance Spectroscopy, Theory Experiment and Applications - Macdonald.pdf - Spektroskopia molekularna - hinatka3991

Impedance Spectroscopy

Theory, Experiment, and

Applications

Second Edition

Edited by

Evgenij Barsoukov

J. Ross Macdonald

A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in

any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or

otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright

Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through

payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222

Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at

www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the

Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030,

(201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: White the publisher and author have used their

best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect

to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and speciﬁcally disclaim any

implied warranties of merchantability or ﬁtness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be

created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and

strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a

professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss

of proﬁt or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental,

consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer

Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax

317-572-4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears

in print, however, may not be available in electronic format.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN: 0-471-64749-7

Printed in the United States of America

10987654321

Contents

Preface xi

Preface to the First Edition

xiii

Contributors xv

Contributors to the First Edition

xvii

1. Fundamentals of Impedance Spectroscopy

J. Ross Macdonald and William B. Johnson

1.1 Background, Basic Deﬁnitions, and History

1.1.1 The Importance of Interfaces 1

1.1.2 The Basic Impedance Spectroscopy Experiment

1.1.3 Response to a Small-Signal Stimulus in the

Frequency Domain 4

1.1.4 Impedance-Related Functions

1.1.5 Early History

1.2 Advantages and Limitations 9

1.2.1 Differences Between Solid State and Aqueous

Electrochemistry

1.3 Elementary Analysis of Impedance Spectra 13

1.3.1 Physical Models for Equivalent Circuit Elements

1.3.2 Simple RC Circuits 14

1.3.3 Analysis of Single Impedance Arcs

1.4 Selected Applications of IS

2. Theory

Ian D. Raistrick, Donald R. Franceschetti, and J. Ross Macdonald

2.1 The Electrical Analogs of Physical and Chemical Processes

2.1.1 Introduction 27

2.1.2 The Electrical Properties of Bulk Homogeneous Phases

2.1.2.1 Introduction 29

2.1.2.2 Dielectric Relaxation in Materials with a Single

Time Constant 30

2.1.2.3 Distributions of Relaxation Times 34

2.1.2.4 Conductivity and Diffusion in Electrolytes

2.1.2.5 Conductivity and Diffusion—a Statistical

Description 44

2.1.2.6 Migration in the Absence of Concentration Gradients

2.1.2.7 Transport in Disordered Media

vi Contents

2.1.3 Mass and Charge Transport in the Presence of Concentration

Gradients 54

2.1.3.1 Diffusion 54

2.1.3.2 Mixed Electronic–Ionic Conductors

2.1.3.3 Concentration Polarization 60

2.1.4 Interfaces and Boundary Conditions 62

2.1.4.1 Reversible and Irreversible Interfaces

2.1.4.2 Polarizable Electrodes 63

2.1.4.3 Adsorption at the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface

2.1.4.4 Charge Transfer at the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface

2.1.5 Grain Boundary Effects 72

2.1.6 Current Distribution, Porous and Rough Electrodes—

the Effect of Geometry 74

2.1.6.1 Current Distribution Problems

2.1.6.2 Rough and Porous Electrodes

2.2 Physical and Electrochemical Models 80

2.2.1 The Modeling of Electrochemical Systems

2.2.2 Equivalent Circuits 81

2.2.2.1 Uniﬁcation of Immitance Responses

2.2.2.2 Distributed Circuit Elements

2.2.2.3 Ambiguous Circuits

2.2.3 Modeling Results 95

2.2.3.1 Introduction 95

2.2.3.2 Supported Situations 97

2.2.3.3 Unsupported Situations: Theoretical Models 102

2.2.3.4 Unsupported Situations: Equivalent Network Models

117

2.2.3.5 Unsupported Situations: Empirical and Semiempirical

Models

117

3. Measuring Techniques and Data Analysis

129

3.1 Impedance Measurement Techniques 129

Michael C. H. McKubre and Digby D. Macdonald

3.1.1 Introduction 129

3.1.2 Frequency Domain Methods

130

3.1.2.1

Audio Frequency Bridges

130

3.1.2.2

Transformer Ratio Arm Bridges

133

3.1.2.3

Berberian–Cole Bridge

136

3.1.2.4

Considerations of Potentiostatic Control

139

3.1.2.5

Oscilloscopic Methods for Direct Measurement

140

3.1.2.6

Phase-Sensitive Detection for Direct Measurement

142

3.1.2.7

Automated Frequency Response Analysis

144

3.1.2.8

Automated Impedance Analyzers

147

3.1.2.9

The Use of Kramers–Kronig Transforms

149

3.1.2.10 Spectrum Analyzers

152

3.1.3 Time Domain Methods

154

3.1.3.1

Introduction

154

3.1.3.2

Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion

155

Impedance Spectroscopy, Theory Experiment and Applications - Macdonald.pdf

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: