NA'VI - słownik języka Na'vi.pdf
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Karyu Amawey
Na’Vi Language
Phonology & Orthography
1
Vowels
1
Consonants
2
Lenition
2
Grammar
3
Pronouns
3
Nouns & Prepositions
3-6
Plurals
3
Gender
4
Articles
4
Case
4-5
Adpositions
5-6
Adjectives
6
Numbers
6
Verbs
7
Questions & Demonstratives
9
Changing Parts of Speech
10
Phrases
10
Lexicon
11
http://www.learnnavi.org/
Version 3.4
Last updated: 7 January 2010
Sources
Phonology and orthography
Na‟vi is an unwritten language. Due to the tsaheylu that connects all life on Pandora, whereupon
memories are stored and accessed, there is no need for a writing system. That said, for the
purpose of humans learning Na‟vi, a standardized form was developed using Roman letters
coupled with diacritic marks on some vowels.
Phonology:
***Please note that all terms have been transcribed using IPA in the bilingual dictionaries.
Stress markings have been added in many of the terms until further clarification has been made
upon them.
Vowels:
There are seven simple vowels:
Front
Central Back
Close
[i]i
[
ì]
ɪ
[u]u
Close-Mid
[o]o
Open-Mid
[e]ɛ
[ä]æ
Open
[a]a
and four diphthongs [aw], [ew], [ay], [ey].
These vowels may occur in sequences, meaning there can be long strings of vowels within a
word. However, each vowel counts as a syllable, so that
meuia
(honor) has four syllables
[mɛ.u.i.a].
In addition, the syllabic consonants
ll
[l̩] and
rr
[r̩ ] behave as vowels, as in
pllte’
[pl̩.tɛʔ]
"to speak". The
rr
is strongly
trilled,
and the
ll
is "light", never a "dark"
(velarized)
*[ɫ̩]. These
may occur directly before another vowel, as in
hrrap
[hr̩ .ap] "dangerous".
Na‟vi does not have vowel length or tone, but it does have contrastive
stress:
túte
[ˈtu.tɛ]
"person",
tuté
[tu.ˈtɛ] "female person". Although stress may move with
derivation,
as here, it is
not affected by
inflection
(case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc). So, for example, the verb
lu
"to
be" has stress on its only vowel, the
u,
and no matter what else happens to it, the stress stays on
that vowel:
lolú
[lo.ˈlu] "was" (l‹ol›u),
lolängú
[lo.læng.ˈu] "was (ugh!)" (l‹ol›‹äng›u), etc.
1
Consonants
There are twenty one consonants in Na‟vi. In transcriptions, the
ejective consonants
are written
with digraphs in
x,
a convention that appears to be unique to Na‟vi.
Labial
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Ejective
[px]p‟
[tx]t‟
[kx]k‟
Plosive
[p]p
[t]t
[k]k [„] ʔ
Affricate
[ts]ʦ
Fricative
[f]f [v]v [s] s [z] z
[h] h
Nasal
[m]m
[n] n
[ng] ŋ
Flap
[r] ɾ
Trill
[rr]r
Liquid/glide
[w]w
[l] l or [ll] l̩
[y]j
The fricatives,
f v s z h
, and the affricate,
ts
,
are restricted to the onset of a syllable; the
other consonants may occur at either the beginning or at the end (though
w
or
y
in final position
are considered parts of diphthongs, as they only occur as
ay ey aw ew
and may be followed by
another final consonant, as in
skxawng
"moron"). However, in addition to appearing before
vowels, (
f ts s)
may form
consonant clusters
with any of the unrestricted consonants (the
stops
and
liquids/glides)
apart from(
’)
making for 39 clusters.
Lenition:
For some Na‟Vi nouns with strong initial consonants, such as px, t, or k, adding either plural
marker ay- or me- with weaken that initial consonant. Theory behind lenition is largely thought
to be easier and smoother pronunciation for the mouth. Regardless, the following sounds when
found consonant initial are weakened to these following forms:
Before plural marker
After plural marker
px, tx, kx
p, t, k
p, t/ts, k
f, s, h
„
Ø (deletion)
Examples:
tsmuk
‘sibling’
kelku
‘home’
aysmuk/smuk
‘siblings’
mehelku/helku
‘homes’
pxun
‘arm’
mepun/pun
‘arms’
2
Grammar
Pronouns
Na‟vi pronouns encode
clusivity.
That is, there are different words for "we" depending on
whether the speaker is including you or not. There are also special forms for the dual "the two of
us" (with or without you), and the trial "the three of us", etc. They do not inflect for gender;
although it's possible to distinguish "he" from "she", the distinction is optional.
sing.
dual
trial
plural
Exclusive
oe
moe —
ayoe
Inclusive
—
oeng —
ayoeng
2
nd
person
nga
—
—
aynga
3
rd
person
po
mefo —
ayfo
The deferential, or ceremonial, forms of "I" and "you" are
ohe
and
ngenga
, respectively
.
"He"
and "she" can optionally be differentiated as
poan
and
poé
.
These pronouns utilize a system of attaching several different morphemes to articulate what they
mean.
me-
dual marker
oe
1
st
.singular
ay-
plural marker
ng(a)
2
nd
.singular
po(an/é)
3
rd
.singular
For example, the exclusive vs. inclusive dual really translates into “two me‟s (meaning myself
and someone else)” and “me and you”, respectively.
Pronouns are declined for case similarly to nouns (See Case below)
Nouns and prepositions
Nouns show greater
number
distinctions than human languages: besides
singular
and
plural,
they
not only have special
dual
forms for two of an item (eyes, hands, lovers, etc.), which are not
uncommon in human language, but also
trial
forms for three of an item, which on Earth are only
found with pronouns (***This has yet to yield any examples) However, gender is only
occasionally (and optionally) marked.
Plurals:
The plural prefix is
ay
-,
and the dual is
me
-
(
nari
"eye",
menari
"eyes"). Both trigger lenition
in Na‟vi words (See Lenition above) In nouns which undergo lenition, the plural prefix may be
dropped, so the plural of
tokx
"body" is either
aysokx
or just
sokx
.
3
Gender:
Masculine nouns may be distinguished by the suffix
-
an
,
and feminine by
-
é
,
which is stressed:
tsmuk
or
tsmúktu
"sibling",
tsmúkan
"brother",
tsmuké
"sister".
Articles:
There is no distinction between definite and indefinitie nouns; context is based largely on
demonstratives (see Questions and demonstratives).
Case:
Case
Vowel Final Marker
Consonant Final Marker
Intransitive
N/A
N/A
Ergative (Transitive Agent)
-l
-ìl
Accusative (Transitive Patient)
-t(i)
-it
Dative
-ru
-ìru
Genitive
-yä
- eyä
Topical
-ri
-ìri
One way nouns are conjugated for
case
is by transitivity. However, unlike most of the languages
spoken by humans, Na‟vi has separate markers for the subject of a transitive verb and the object
of the same transitive verb. An object is marked with the
accusative
suffix
-
ti
,
and an agent with
the
ergative
suffix
-
l
,
while an
intransitive subject
has no case suffix. For example:
Oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e
I
-
ERG
you
-
ACC
See
‹
LAUD
›
"I See you" (a greeting)
For further explanation on Transitivity, please refer to the
Crash course in linguistic terminology
used for Na'Vi
found on the learnnavi.org website under Downloads.
Genitive
(-yä)
The genitive case refers to the possessive case, or a noun that modifies another noun. In
English, the Genitive marker that is typically used is the (‟s):
E.g.
John’s
cheese.
Charlotte’s
book.
In the case of Na‟Vi, the genitive marker is typically suffixed to the end of the pronoun to
show possession over another noun.
E.g. Oe-yä tìmuntxa.
„My mate‟
I-GEN mate
4
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