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The Foundations
of Chinese Medicine
A Comprehensive Text for
Acupuncturists and Herbalists
SECOND EDITION
Giovanni Maciocia CAc (Nanjing)
Acupuncturist and Medical Herbalist, UK
Honorary Professor at the Nanjing University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing
Foreword by
Dr Su Xin Ming
Associate Professor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
855397616.002.png
CONTENT
THE CONCEPT OF QI IN CHINESE MEDICINE 43
Essence 44
Qi 48
Blood 60
Body Fluids 64
Mind (Shen)
Foreword v
Preface vii
Acknowledgements xi
List of symbols xii
Note on the translation of Chinese terms xiii
69
PART 1
GENERAL THEORY b
iL 75
CHAPTER 4 THE TRANSFORMATION OF QI
iE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
THE ORIGINAL QI (YUAN QI) AS THE MOTIVE FORCE FOR
THE TRANSFORMATION OF QI 75
THE FIRE OF THE GATE OF LIFE (MING MEN) AS THE
WARMTH FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF QI 76
THE DYNAMICS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE
TRANSFORMATION OF QI 78
The Qi Mechanism 78
The Stomach and Spleen as the 'central axis' 84
The Liver and Lungs as the 'outer wheel' 85
The Heart and Kidneys as the 'root' 86
CHAPTER 1 YIN—YANG E PFI 3
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 3
NATURE OF THE YIN—YANG CONCEPT 4
Yin—Yang as two phases of a cyclical movement 5
Yin-Yang as two states of density of matter 6
Four aspects of Yin-Yang relationship 7
APPLICATION OF YIN—YANG TO MEDICINE 8
Yin—Yang and the body structures 9
THE TRIPLE BURNER'S TRANSFORMATION OF QI 86
PATHOLOGY OF QI TRANSFORMATION 89
Stomach and Spleen 89
Liver and Lungs 89
Heart and Kidneys 90
APPLICATION OF THE FOUR PRINCIPLES OF YIN-YANG TO
MEDICINE 11
Opposition of Yin and Yang 11
The interdependence of Yin and Yang 13
The mutual consuming of Yin and Yang 14
The intertransformation of Yin and Yang 15
PART 2
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS 18
CHAPTER 2 THE FIVE ELEMENTS E rr 19
93
INTRODUCTION 93
THE FIVE ELEMENTS IN NATURE 20
The Five Elements as basic qualities 21
The Five Elements as movements 22
The Five Elements as stages of a seasonal cycle 22
The Five-Element interrelationships 23
The Five-Element correspondences 25
SECTION 1
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE YIN ORGANS
95
INTRODUCTION 95
CHAPTER 5 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERNAL ORGANS
— INTRODUCTION 97
THE FIVE ELEMENTS IN CHINESE MEDICINE 26
The Five Elements in physiology 26
The Five Elements in pathology 31
The Five Elements in diagnosis 34
The Five Elements in acupuncture treatment 37
The Five Elements in herbal and diet therapy 39
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE VITAL SUBSTANCES 98
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE TISSUES 98
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE SENSE ORGANS 98
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE EMOTIONS 99
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE SPIRITUAL ASPECTS 100
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND CLIMATES 101
THE EXTERNAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THE INTERNAL
ORGANS
du.Pri 44, 41
CHAPTER 3 THE VITAL SUBSTANCES
101
THE CONCEPT OF QI IN CHINESE PHILOSOPHY 41
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xvi CONTENTS
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE FLUIDS 102
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE ODOURS 102
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE COLOURS 103
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE TASTES 103
THE INTERNAL ORGANS AND THE SOUNDS 103
YIN (ZANG) AND YANG (FU) ORGANS 104
CHAPTER 9 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SPLEEN
143
FUNCTIONS 144
Governs transformation and transportation 144
Controls the ascending of Qi 145
Controls Blood 146
Controls the muscles and the four limbs 147
Opens into the mouth and manifests in the lips 148
Controls saliva 148
Controls the raising of Qi 148
Houses the Intellect (1) 149
It is affected by pensiveness 149
CHAPTER 6 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
107
FUNCTIONS 107
Governs Blood 107
Controls the blood vessels 108
Manifests in the complexion 109
Houses the Mind 109
It is related to joy 112
Opens into the tongue 113
Controls sweat 113
OTHER SPLEEN RELATIONSHIPS 150
DREAMS 151
SAYINGS 151
CHAPTER 10 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS
153
OTHER HEART RELATIONSHIPS 114
DREAMS 115
SAYINGS 115
THE KIDNEYS AS THE FOUNDATION FOR THE YIN AND
YANG OF OTHER ORGANS 153
FUNCTIONS 155
Store Essence and govern birth, growth, reproduction
and development 155
Produce Marrow, fill up the brain and control bones 156
Govern Water 157
Control the reception of Qi 158
Open into the ears 158
Manifest in the hair 158
Control spittle 159
Control the two lower orifices 159
House Will-power (Zhi) 159
Control the Gate of Life (Minister Fire) 160
CHAPTER 7 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER fT 117
FUNCTIONS 117
Stores Blood 117
The Liver ensures the smooth flow of Qi 119
Controls the sinews 121
Manifests in the nails 122
Opens into the eyes 122
Controls tears 123
Houses the Ethereal Soul 123
It is affected by anger 124
OTHER LIVER RELATIONSHIPS 124
DREAMS 125
SAYINGS 125
OTHER KIDNEY RELATIONSHIPS 162
DREAMS 163
SAYINGS 163
CHAPTER 8 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LUNGS FO
129
CHAPTER 11 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PERICARDIUM
, Ls
165
FUNCTIONS 129
Govern Qi and respiration 129
Control channels and blood vessels 130
Control the diffusing and descending of Qi and fluids 130
Regulate all physiological activities 132
Regulate Water passages 133
Control the skin and the space between skin and muscles
(Cou Li) 134
Manifest in the body hair 136
Open into the nose 137
Control nasal mucus 137
House the Corporeal Soul 138
They are affected by worry, grief and sadness 139
THE PERICARDIUM AS AN ORGAN 165
THE PERICARDIUM AS A CHANNEL 166
THE PERICARDIUM AND THE MIND-SPIRIT 167
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PERICARDIUM AND THE
MINISTER FIRE 167
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PERICARDIUM AND THE
UTERUS 168
CHAPTER 12 YIN ORGAN INTERRELATIONSHIPS
At IlEt mr143g.
171
HEART AND LUNGS 171
HEART AND LIVER 172
HEART AND KIDNEYS 173
The mutual assistance of Fire and Water 173
The common root of Mind (Shen) and Essence (ling) 174
OTHER LUNG RELATIONSHIPS 140
DREAMS 140
SAYINGS 141
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CONTENTS xvii
Dreams 196
Relationship with the Lungs 796
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF HEART AND KIDNEYS IN
THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE 175
LIVER AND LUNGS 175
The relationship between Lung-Qi and Liver-Blood 175
The relationship between the descending of Lung-Qi and
the ascending of Liver-Qi 175
CHAPTER 16 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE GALL
BLADDER
199
FUNCTIONS 199
Stores and excretes bile 199
Controls decisiveness 200
Controls the sinews 201
LIVER AND SPLEEN 177
LIVER AND KIDNEYS 177
SPLEEN AND LUNGS 178
SPLEEN AND KIDNEYS 179
LUNGS AND KIDNEYS 180
Relationship between Lungs and Kidneys in terms
of Qi 180
Relationship between Lungs and Kidneys in terms of
fluids 180
OTHER ASPECTS 201
Mental aspect 201
Dreams 202
Relationship with the Liver 203
CHAPTER 17 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BLADDER
0
205
SPLEEN AND HEART 181
FUNCTIONS 205
Removes water by Qi transformation 205
SECTION 2
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE YANG ORGANS *I 183
INTRODUCTION 183
OTHER ASPECTS 207
Mental aspect 207
Dreams 207
Relationship with the Kidneys 207
CHAPTER 13 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH 185
FUNCTIONS 185
Controls 'receiving' 185
Controls the 'rotting and ripening' of food 186
Controls the transportation of food essences 186
Controls the descending of Qi 187
It is the origin of fluids 187
CHAPTER 18 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE TRIPLE
BURNER X 209
FUNCTIONS 209
Mobilizes the Original Qi (Yuan Qi) 209
Controls the transportation and penetration of Qi 210
Controls the Water passages and the excretion of
fluids 211
OTHER ASPECTS 188
Mental aspect 188
Dreams 188
Relationship with the Spleen 188
FOUR VIEWS OF THE TRIPLE BURNER 212
The Triple Burner as one of the six Yang organs 212
The Triple Burner as a 'mobilizer of the Original Qi'
(Yuan Qi) 213
The Triple Burner as the three divisions of the body 214
The Triple Burner as body cavities 216
CHAPTER 14 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SMALL
INTESTINE 'is
191
FUNCTIONS 191
Controls receiving and transforming 191
Separates fluids 192
OTHER ASPECTS 218
Mental aspect 218
Dreams 220
Relationship with the Pericardium 220
OTHER ASPECTS 192
Mental aspect 192
Dreams 192
Relationship with the Heart 192
SECTION 3
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SIX EXTRAORDINARY YANG
ORGANS ti VI 223
INTRODUCTION 223
CHAPTER 15 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LARGE
INTESTINE is s
195
FUNCTIONS 195
Controls passage and conduction 195
Transforms stools and reabsorbs fluids 195
CHAPTER 19 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SIX
EXTRAORDINARY YANG ORGANS (THE FOUR SEAS)
t
225
OTHER ASPECTS 196
Mental aspect 196
The Uterus 225
FUNCTIONS 226
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xviii CONTENTS
Relationship with the Directing and Penetrating
Vessels 226
Relationship with Internal Organs 226
Functions 228
Men 230
CHAPTER 22 MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES OF DISEASE
fg 043 M Ki 267
WEAK CONSTITUTION 267
The importance of constitution in health and disease 267
The hereditary constitution is not entirely fixed and
unchangeable 268
Causes of weak constitution 268
Weak prenatal constitution 270
Assessment of constitution 270
THE BRAIN 231
Functions 231
MARROW 232
Functions 232
OVERWORK 271
Definition 271
Effects of overwork in relation to Qi and Yin 271
THE BONES 233
Functions 233
THE BLOOD VESSELS 233
Functions 234
EXCESSIVE PHYSICAL WORK (AND LACK OF EXERCISE) 272
Definition 272
Effects of excessive physical work 273
Lack of exercise 273
THE GALL BLADDER 234
THE FOUR SEAS
234
EXCESSIVE SEXUAL ACTIVITY 273
Sexual life and the Kidney-Essence 274
Definition of 'excessive' sexual activity 274
Differences between men's and women's sexuality 274
Sexual causes of disease in women 276
Insufficient sex as a cause of disease 276
Sexual desire 277
Beneficial effects of sexual activity 277
PART 3
THE CAUSES OF DISEASE M 111
237
INTRODUCTION 237
241
CHAPTER 20 INTERNAL CAUSES OF DISEASE -t
THE ROLE OF EMOTIONS AS CAUSES OF DISEASE 241
Different view of emotions in Chinese and Western
medicine 241
Emotions as causes of disease 243
Interaction of body and mind 244
The emotions and the Internal Organs 244
Effects of emotional stress on the body 246
DIET 278
Modern changes in food 278
Insufficient eating 278
Overeating 279
Types of food and their energetic effect 279
Conditions of eating 280
ANGER 247
JOY 248
SADNESS 249
WORRY 250
PENSIVENESS 252
FEAR 252
SHOCK 253
TRAUMA 280
PARASITES AND POISONS 281
WRONG TREATMENT 281
DRUGS 281
Medicinal drugs 281
Recreational drugs 282
CHAPTER 21 EXTERNAL CAUSES OF DISEASE A 11 255
PART 4
DIAGNOSIS 4 285
INTRODUCTION 285
CLIMATE AS A CAUSE OF DISEASE 255
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES IN RELATION TO 'WIND' 256
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 257
CLIMATIC FACTORS AS PATTERNS OF DISHARMONY 258
ARTIFICIAL 'CLIMATES' AS CAUSES OF DISEASE 260
PATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF
EXTERIOR PATHOGENIC FACTORS 260
AVERSION TO COLD AND 'FEVER' 262
Aversion to cold 262
Fever 262
CHAPTER 23 DIAGNOSIS BY OBSERVATION 2 4 287
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN AN INDIVIDUAL PART AND
THE WHOLE 287
OBSERVATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL TRAITS 288
SPIRIT 292
BODY 292
Five-Element body types 292
Five-Element correspondences 296
Body signs 297
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF EXTERIOR PATHOGENIC
FACTORS PATTERNS 264
CONSEQUENCES OF INVASION OF EXTERIOR
PATHOGENIC FACTORS 264
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