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A New Series of Small Computer Systems

HP 1000 Systems are designed for high-performance

applications in computation, instrumentation, and

operations management.

by Lee Johnson

HP 1000 COMPUTER SYSTEMS are a new family

of computer systems based on the 21MX Com

puter and the real-time executive (RTE) operating

system. They are useful in a wide range of applica

tions, but are particularly well suited for computation,

instrumentation, and operations management appli

cations that demand high performance.

HP 1000 Systems represent a new higher level of

performance and capability over previous 21MX-

based computer systems. This has been achieved by

integrating several new products that are significant

contributions in themselves. These include 1) a fast,

high-performance processor, the 21MX E-Series

Computer, 2) a fast and flexible CRT terminal system

console, the 2645A Display Station with dual magne

tic tape mini-cartridges, 3) an enhanced version of the

RTE operating system that provides for on-line sys

tem generation and eliminates the requirement for

paper tape input, 4) a new data base management

package, IMAGE/1000, 5) processor growth power

with the enhanced microprogramming support

software, and 6) new desk-style packaging that pro

vides aesthetic appeal. HP 1000 Systems also build on

previous contributions, such as the HP-IB capability

for control of automated instrument systems, distrib

uted systems software for scientific and industrial

control in network applications, and the RTE operat

ing system, one of the most powerful and flexible

small computer operating systems for real-time con

trol and general-purpose multiprogramming.

HP 1000 Computer Systems come in four standard

models. Models 30 and 31 are intended for computa

tional, automated test/measurement, or process con

trol applications. RTE-II is the standard operating

system, with RTE-III as a factory option. Standard

memory is 64K bytes of semiconductor memory and

system disc storage is 4.9M or 14. 7M bytes. Model 30

comes in a new desk-style cabinet with matching

mini-rack cabinet for the disc subsystem (Fig. 1).

Model 31 is housed in a traditional upright cabinet

that contains the processor, disc drive, and space for

other equipment. Models 80 and 81 are larger config

urations designed as data base management systems

for operations management applications and for ser

vice as a central computer in a distributed systems

network. These models are based on the RTE-III

operating system, 1 2 8K bytes of main memory, 14. 7M

bytes of disc storage, IMAGE, a magnetic tape drive

for data base backup, and a line printer for hard-copy

management reports. Model 80 (Fig. 2) is housed in a

combination of desk and upright cabinets, while

model 81 is housed in two upright cabinets.

I Cover: Contributing to the

performance of the new

HP 1000 Computer System

are an enhanced operating

system featuring on-line

generation (represented by

the CRT display), and a high-

performance processor, the

21 MX E-Series Computer.

The E-Series, which is also available separately,

has about twice the performance of earlier 21 MX

Computers.

In this Issue:

A New Series of Small Computer Sys

tems, by Lee Johnson page 2

HP 1000 Operating System Is En

hanced Real-Time Executive, by

David L. Snow and Kathleen F. Hahn page 7

Development and Application of

Microprograms in a Real-Time En

vironment, by Harris Dean Drake . . . page 15

E-Series Doubles 21 MX Performance,

by Cleaborn C. Riggins page 18

How the E-Series Performance Was

Achieved, by Scott J. Stallard page 20

Microprogrammed Features of the

21 MX E-Series, by Thomas A. Lane . page 24

OPNODE: Interactive Linear Circuit

Design and Optimization, by William

A. Rytand page 28

Viewpoints^John Moll on HP's Inte

grated Circuit Technology page 32

Printed in U SA

Â©Hewlett-Packard Company. 1977

Fig. 1. HP WOO Model 30 is in

tended for computational, auto

mated test/measurement, or pro

cess control applications. RTE-llis

the standard operating system

(RTE-III optional). Model 31 is the

same system in an upright

cabinet.

improved control processor to microprogram heavily

used or time-critical portions of applications software

to increase performance from two to 20 times. The

new lK-word writable control store interface and the

RTE software support extend this "dynamic control

store" capability to multiple users. The user benefit is

that the system can adapt to changing application

needs without changing processors.

The standard console for HP 1000 Systems is the

new 2645A Display Station. It is connected to the

processor through a buffered interface and can oper

ate at 9600 baud (960 characters/second). It contains

dual mini-cartridge tape drives for program and data

storage, each cartridge capable of containing up to

110 kilobytes. A significant feature of the 2645A is the

"soft key" capability: each of the eight function keys

can be programmed to specify up to 80 bytes of data.

When used with RTE, a soft key can be a system

command to execute a language processor or an ap

plication program, for example, thereby providing a

powerful, easier-to-use interface for the user. The

power of the transfer file capability in the RTE File

Manager can be used by storing a "TR, file name"

command in a soft function key; this allows an ex

tended set of job control commands to be executed

with just one keystroke.

Functional capability was assured by defining the

standard systems to include the necessary compo

nents to make them fully operational. Each standard

system includes a processor, an operating system, a

Design Objectives

The design goals for HP 1000 Systems included

performance, functional capability, well-defined

growth paths, product simplification, and configura

tion control. Other objectives reflected user-

expressed needs for desk-style packaging, elimina

tion of paper tape, and compliance with safety re

quirements such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

approval.

The performance goal was attained by drawing on

the clear performance improvements of the new com

ponent products and integrating existing high-

performance products to achieve a high overall sys

tem performance.

Performance of the E-Series processor is based on

dramatic improvements over earlier 21MX models in

instruction execution speed, direct memory access

I/O rates, and asynchronous operation with memory

for faster cycle times. Programs can run 60% to 100%

faster in the E-Series, and I/O transfers can be 60%

faster. Typical memory cycle time is 560 nano

seconds, compared to the previous 650 nanoseconds,

and the E-Series will be able to take advantage of

higher-speed memories when they are available. The

speed of the E-Series also makes it a better match for

the high-performance 7905A Disc Drive, a 14.7M-

byte drive that can transfer data at 937. 5K bytes per

second.

The growth power of the E-Series also relates to

performance, in that a user can take advantage of the

Fig. 2. HP 1000 Model 80 is a

larger system suitable for data

base management, operations

management, and service as a

central computer in a distributed

system. Model 81 is the same sys

tem in two upright cabinets.

system disc storage device, an operator's console and

a system cabinet, either desk or upright. Each model

is designed to provide the correct performance and

capability level for expected application needs, the

goal being a better match between computing power

and applications.

The HP 1000 product line was conceived as a fam

ily of systems that would eventually extend from

low-cost memory-based configurations up to high-

capacity disc-based configurations. Models 30/31 and

80/81 are the first of this family. A model 30/31 can be

easily extended to a model 80/81 by adding 64K bytes

of memory and dynamic mapping system hardware,

upgrading to the RTE-III operating system, and ad

ding the IMAGE data base package, a magnetic tape

unit, and a line printer. No extensions to the processor

and console are required, and user program compati

bility is assured within the RTE software.

The goal of product simplicity results in well-

defined functional systems with options defined only

where factory modifications are required. The user

benefit is a better understanding of the basic product

and the extended capabilities provided by factory

options. Accessories, interfaces, and peripherals are

specified separately and supplied with the system as

a coordinated shipment. This is in marked contrast to

earlier (9600) systems, for which there were hundreds

of options. The one advantage of options on earlier

systems was the control of compatible products that

could be integrated with the system. This advantage

is retained in HP 1000 Systems, not through options,

but by a compatibility matrix that specifies exactly

which products have been tested and determined to

be operable within a certain system configuration.

The compatibility matrix is part of the manufactur

ing specifications documentation package and is

managed by engineering change control procedures.

The matrix is the official source for the HP 1000 Con

figuration Guide, a document that field engineers and

customers use to construct a complete system to meet

specific needs. Only the products listed in the Con

figuration Guide are supported by HP as part of HP

1000 Systems. Before a new accessory, peripheral, or

software product can be added to the set of 1000-

compatible products, it must undergo extensive test

ing by the engineering laboratory and then be cer

tified as compatible by the quality assurance and sys

tems integration groups. This degree of configuration

control is aimed at increasing customer satisfaction

by providing a clear statement of what works with

what and in which combinations, in the initial system

configuration as well as in field upgrades to installed

systems.

Multi-Media Software Distribution

A major objective of the enhanced RTE operating

system was to eliminate the dependency on paper

tape as the medium for software distribution and as

the required input medium for system generation.

This was achieved by providing system and diagnos-

HP 1000 Computer System

Applications

Since HP's first "instrumentation computer", Model 2116A,

was introduced in 1966, the majority of over 16,000 2116's,

2100's, and 21MX's installed have been for scientific and

engineering computation, data acquisition and control, factory

automation, process control, product and production testing,

and computer-aided design.

HP 1000 Computer Systems are designed principally for

dedicated applications in engineering and manufacturing. The

performance and capability levels of these systems have been

focused on computation, instrumentation, and operations

management applications that demand high performance.

These systems can best be applied by experienced end-users,

OEM's (original equipment manufacturers), and system houses.

The significant performance improvements of the E-Series

Computer, coupled with technical languages, micropro

gramming support, high-performance peripherals, and

specialized microcode such as the Fast FORTRAN Pro

cessor, form a powerful combination for solving computation

problems such as

â€¢ Scientific and engineering computation

â€¢ Product development testing

â€¢ Simulation and modeling

â€¢ Computer-aided design

â€¢ Statistical analysis

â€¢ Project control

Instrumentation problems can be solved either through the

use of. HP-IB instrument clusters, with multiple HP-IB-com-

patible instruments and devices connected to an HP 1000

System, or by measurement and control stations for sensor-

based applications requiring medium-speed analog and

digital input and output capabilities. The stations are based

on plug-in interface cards and instrumentation subsystems

from the 9600 family of measurement and control systems.

Typical applications are

â€¢ Machine monitoring and control

â€¢ Product quality control testing

â€¢ Work station reporting

â€¢ Continuous and batch process control

â€¢ Shop floor monitoring and control

â€¢ Automated materials handling

â€¢ Automatic testing

â€¢ Facilities monitoring

Operations management applications can best be solved

with the aid of a data base management system (DBMS) so

that all relevant data can be interrelated, easily updated, and

available for on-line access. IMAGE/1000 and QUERY/1000

combine to meet this need. Factory data collection is facili

tated by the compatible 3070A Data Entry Terminal. An

HP 1000 System can also serve to control a network of HP

satellite computer systems with the HP distributed systems

capability. A link to a large data processing computer sys

tem can be made with the RJE/1000 package. Typical opera

tions management applications include

â€¢ Material requirements planning (MRP)

â€¢ Capacity requirements planning

â€¢ Factory data collection

â€¢ Master scheduling

â€¢ Purchase order and work order control

â€¢ Stores control

â€¢ Production status monitoring and control

â€¢ Manufacturing and engineering data control

tic software on multiple media and by the new on-line

system generator in RTE. The distribution media in

clude paper tape, magnetic tape (800 or 1600 cpi

density), disc cartridge (HP 7900A or 7905A) and

mini-cartridge tape. Specification of the desired

medium is made by options to the software (e.g., 020

for mini-cartridge), and by a specific product number

for the diagnostic library. The diagnostic library is a

collection of tests for the processor, memory, acces

sories, interfaces, and peripherals available with

21MX Computers. A new diagnostic configurator was

developed to accommodate the diagnostic library on

each medium; the configurator is a monitor or control

program that manages the loading and execution of

each individual diagnostic test and provides a com

mon interactive dialogue and reporting interface to

the user, typically an HP customer engineer. It also

configures each diagnostic for the appropriate I/O

channel and provides for timing loop control depend

ing on the processor and memory speeds.

The standard software distribution media for HP

1000 Systems are mini-cartridges for diagnostics and

supplemental software and disc cartridges for the

operating system. The standard disc provides a

minimum operating system supporting a wide range

of peripherals plus all the relocatable binary pro

grams needed to distribute and regenerate a system.

This disc cartridge also contains all drivers for stan

dard peripherals as well as standard languages and

utilities. A specially configured disc cartridge, pre

pared during the system integration operation, repre

sents the operating system and drivers for the user's

HP 1000 system, which may include various

peripherals and additional software such as real-time

multi-user BASIC, IMAGE, and/or the measurement

and control software library. This configured disc is

what the user will begin operation with after installa

tion, while the original disc serves as a backup stan

dard system and can be easily updated to reflect the

latest software changes.

The multi-media distribution and grandfather disc

for RTE have definite advantages for system flexibil

ity and improved user satisfaction. A secondary but

significant benefit of these new features is improved

efficiency in the systems integration process during

manufacture. This process involves integrating all

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