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basics_&_beyond_sept_17
Microscope
by Mortimer Abramowitz
Fellow, New York Microscopical Society
For Olympus America Inc.
Volume 1
Basics and Beyond
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MICROSCOPE
Basics and Beyond
REVISED EDITION 2003
i
By Mortimer Abramowitz
Fellow, New York Microscopical Society
Consultant, Technical Information, Olympus America Inc.
For Olympus America Inc.
Volume 1, Revised 2003, Basics and Beyond Series
Acknowledgements
Dedicated to Kiichi Hirata and George Steares for their intelligent and sensitive
leadership of the Scientific Equipment Group of Olympus America.
With special thanks to William Fester for invaluable help with editing and layout,
and to Michael Davidson and Kevin Reid of Florida State University for generous
layout and drawing of diagrams from our websites:
Molecular Expressions (http://www.microscopy.fsu.edu)
Olympus Microscopy Resource Center (http://olympusmicro.com)
Published by Olympus America Inc., Scientific Equipment Division,
Two Corporate Center Drive, Melville, NY 11747-3157.
631-844-5000, Fax: 631-844-5112
© 2003
All photos by the author.
Cover Photo: Stained Intestine Thin Section
Back Cover: Mouth Parts of the Blowfly
ii
Table of
Contents
Introduction
1
The Human Eye
3
“Simple” Microscope or Magnifier
4
Compound Microscope - Basic Principles
5
Overview
7
Optical Components
8
Mechanical-Electrical Components
10
Illumination
11
Light
12
Significant Details
15
The Microscope Stand
16
Objectives, Eyepieces, Condensers
16
Light and Lens Aberration
22
Chromatic Aberration
23
Spherical Aberration
23
Lens Action in Image Formation
24
Koehler Illumination - Principles
27
Conjugate Planes
29
Setting up Koehler Illumination
30
Numerical Aperture and Resolution
31
Depth of Field
36
Appendices:
37
1. Focusing the Microscope
37
2. Using the Oil Immersion Objective
37
3. Finite Tube Length Microscope
38
4. Useful Formulae
40
5. Useful Numbers
41
6. Short Bibliography
42
iii
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