Pharmacodynamic Basis Of Herbal Medicine 2Nd Ed.pdf

Pharmacodynamic Basis of

hErBaL mEdicinE

SECOND EDITION

manuchair Ebadi, Ph.D., F.A.C.C.P.

Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology and of Clinical Neuroscience

Associate Vice President for Medical Research

School of Medicine and Health Sciences

University of North Dakota

Grand Forks, North Dakota

CRC Press

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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-7050-7 (Hardcover)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7050-2 (Hardcover)

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publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ebadi, Manuchair S.

Pharmacodynamic basis of herbal medicine / Manuchair Ebadi.--2nd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-7050-7 (alk. paper)

1. Herbs--Therapeutic use. I. Title.

RM666.H33E23 2006

615’.321--dc22

2006043867

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

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I dedicate this book to my beloved grandchildren,

Jesse Manu Ebadi,

Caylin Jane McCormick,

Christine Pari McCormick,

and Jolie Manizeh Ebadi.

In books lie the soul of the whole past time,

the articulate audible voice of the past,

when the body and material substances

of it have altogether vanished like a dream.

— Thomas Carlyle

Preface to the First Edition

.), who used many of the herbal medicines described in this book, lamented,

“Life is short, and the art long; the occasion ﬂeeting; experience fallacious; and judgment difﬁcult.”

Herbal remedies have become a major component of American health care. Botanicals like

are now household words throughout the world,

and the sales of herbal medicine are increasing exponentially.

Alternative therapies include acupuncture, energy healing, folk medicines, herbal medicines,

homeopathy, massage, and megavitamins, to name only a few. Millions of people in the third world

have used and will always use herbal medicines because they believe in them and regard them as

“their” medicine, in contrast to the “allopathic” (conventional Western) system of medicine brought

in from “outside.” These medicinal herbs are available locally and are prescribed by traditional

practitioners of medicine who are part of the community and in whose presence the patient feels

comfortable. In Western countries, there is now an increased use of herbal medicines, largely

because of a belief that powerful synthetic agents used in Western medicine can exert more unwanted

side effects and are too often used indiscriminately and irrationally. Many of our present medicines

are derived directly or indirectly from higher plants. Although several classic plant drugs have lost

much ground to synthetic competitors, others have gained a new investigational or therapeutic

status in recent years. In addition, a number of novel plant-derived substances have entered into

Western drug markets.

The word

ma huang

St. John’s wort

, and

valerian

may be deﬁned as the study of the actions and effects of drugs

on organ, tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels. Therefore, pharmacodynamics provides us with

information about how drugs bring about their beneﬁcial effects and how they cause their side

effects. By understanding and applying the knowledge gained in studying pharmacodynamics,

physicians and other members of the health-care delivery team are able to provide effective and

safe therapeutic care to their patients. Western physicians prescribing synthetic drugs may want to

believe in herbal medicines and use them in their patients, but wish to see scientiﬁc documentation

as they have learned in their pharmacology and therapeutic courses in medical school. Eastern

physicians yearn to ﬁnd out how their drugs, proven efﬁcacious for thousands of years in ancient

civilizations such as Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Egyptian, work and bring about their beneﬁcial

effects. This book bridges the past to the present and shows at the molecular level how the herbal

medications most often used work. For example:

pharmacodynamic

• This book shows how Eastern physicians used

meadow saffron

, which is good for gout,

but also provides evidence that meadow saffron possesses

colchicines

, an

antigoutic

, and provides the mechanisms of action for it.

• This book shows how Eastern physicians used

medication

belladonna

alkaloid for

Parkinson’s disease

but also provides evidence that belladonna alkaloid contains

anticholinergic drugs

, which

counterbalance the dopamine deﬁciency syndrome seen in Parkinson’s disease.

• This book shows how Indians used

Rauwolﬁa serpentina

to reduce blood pressure and

, which depletes norepi-

nephrine in the periphery bringing about its antihypertensive effects and depletes dopam-

ine in the mesocortical system causing tranquility.

• This book compares the actions of

as an antipsychotic, but also shows that it contains

reserpine

ﬂuoxetin

, the most frequently used antidepressant in

the world, with those of

St. John’s wort

in altering the uptake of serotonin.

Hippocrates (460-377

ginseng

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