Collier, Mark - How To Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs.pdf - Egipt - Ankhesenamun

How to Read

Egyptian Hieroglyphs

A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO TEACH YOURSELF

Mark Collier and Bill Manley

New illustrations by Richard Parkinson

University of California Press

Berkeley

Los Angeles

London

Contents

CII;\'(.·I"'"~· 0 1 L\litorni<1 P it' '''''

Ik rkdt' Y .u td : .tb .-\1I~des. l~.\lillHri.l

Lnivt.'rsit~· . u (a;iforlt~;. Pn -s... . Lid.

Loud o n . Fn~ldlltl

Introduction vii

Ch a p t e r 3 Special wr it ings

§2 0 Ahl rrcvi a : ion s 32

§2 ! Ch a ng e o f o rd er: spa cillg 32

§ 22 Ch ange of ord er : p rest ige 33

§23 Def ect ive o r stra nge writings 34

§ 24 Titles 34

§ 2 5 Ep it h e ts 35

§ 26 Th e .:fferin g fo rm ula 35

§ 27 The ge n itive 39

t :q,l'priall fwu rary deities 40

Exercise, .J3

Chapter I Hieroglyphs

§ 1 lt ltr '1d uCli<tn 1

§2 Reading h ie ro glyp h s 2

§ 3 Tra llsl itl'r ati oll 2

§4 1-co ns o n a n t signs 2

§ 5 Arra n ge me nt of sign s .J

§6 De te r m in a tives : m e a n in g-sign s

§7 Dire ct iOIl of w ri tin g 6

§S q i a nd 1- II' a n d plurals 8

§9 " " Uns

§ 10 Adje ctive s 10

fxacises 10

Pilb lish c d oy a n angc- uc ru wh h : 11C

Brn isl: ,\111~(.·i1t11 Pr e s...

ISIJ:\ 0 -52 0-2 1 507 -4

Dl>~iglll'd bv And re w St-oolhrc d

Ty pt'<;t ' l ill Me rid ie-nh y ;-.sigci St rnd v·>1c \.. , 1l"'[J1~

h ierogl yphs 1: 0111 t h e l~kl1 Forn J("si~lIt'd b v ~:~(.'l)

}lllg~dl1s. Exi ra d i,lail ifs .md h iero glyph s h~"

Si ge l Su u dwi ck .

Chapter 4 Scenes and captions

§28 C1p ti,) m : th e m lin iriv c 49

§2 9 Ad ur a tion 50

§ , 0 Verb classe s a n d t h e tutmirivc 50

§ " The [,1f1) lS o f th e inf in itiv e 5.2

Till' cult ofCh iris at Abydo: 5.J

( l iver d t·::. ign: "t~nIlCl Ii Ca Iroll

Co ve r: ln scnp uon O il J ri 11lJI i mp le t ncr u .

dcd tc.ne.t by J\:in~ S n l \ vnSf e l I hi II;S J nt" CS\ or

Kiq : i\ k l: lj u h t lh 'V :1. For .11: cxp l.nr.ui u n 0: l i h'

in sc npn ou. se t' p a s t' I ~~'" T ilt' ,\.k lr n jl()lil.l ll

,\ 111o::,CIH!1 u f An , N r-w Yo r k , .1CC. lt d . 2~.] I , Rl)~l'r"

fu ud . 1 92·~

Chapter 2 More u ses of hieroglyphs

§ ll 2-con son a nt sign s 15

§ 12 , -col15on a nt signs J 7

§ 13 Id eo gra m s: s' lu lld- m e.1nin g ; iglls

t:i 14 Varia n t w riti n gs 18

§ I 5 Wri t ing th e pl ur a l J<)

§ 16 =" li b, 'a il, cver v. .my' and

=" 11/ ', 'lo rd , m aster' J<}

§ I; RUy.1l na m es a :..I tu les 20

!j I II Rova l e p it h ers 21

§1 9 Da tiug 2 1

Chu rt {If r,'y ,11 J.VJt.1'tIL~S 2':

E'(crclSrS 2 3

Pru .u -d i ll (~r('Jl Brhar n

Ch a p ter 5 Descript ion

§ >2 tn rrod uruo u : d escri pti'1n 6 5

§B Th e pas t : slim,,, r=j ) 65

~,4 Auxilinric~ 66

§ 35 Or u isviot: o f th e first p erso n s lIffix

p ro uuuu 07'

~'b Su ffix PT d I Wl111 <; 67

~,7 'Th e lM')l rcl .u ivc [o rm : .';J111t.J1(~J) 68

Names and ki nship terms 69

§54 The' appeal W llte living t i :

§5 ) Wishes. expect.'tion s an d reqnesis:

the tui urc s4m(~fJ 1 ; ·1

§56 The Abydos for mnla 114

§57 Pur pose and cau sar iou ! 15

§5S :'-:ega iioll 115

§59 for ms of th e srlmly-!" an d th e futur e

s!f.m(~.') n «

§60 Adjectives in -y 117

Exercises J J9

Ch a p ter 6 Further aspects of d escr ip tion

§ 38 Cant inUJI:O ll SO

§ 39 Negalion 81

§40 Making someone do

",mething 82

§4 1 Depcnd ent pr onou ns 82

§42 The present tens e 83

§4 3 Other things going on 84

Exercises 85

Introduction

Th e aim of th is book is 10 enable you to read and e njo y the h ier oglyph s

a n d the langu age of ancient Egyp t. It is ch iefl y aimed at th ose who ha ve

h ad n o previous experience of reading h ieroglyphs, bu t shou ld al so ben-

efit ot h e rs who w ould like to im pro ve their kn owled ge in line w ith con-

temporary re search . Above all, this is a practical guide: from the ver y

beg inning yo u will b e in tro d u ced 10 ge nuine hieroglyphic te xt s. with full

su ppo rting exp lan at ions and study aid s. In or de r to d o this, we have con -

centrated on m onuments in the British Museum, in particular th e ste la e

(or funera ry im criptions) of Egypt ia n officials, as well as coffin s, romb

scen e s, and the famou s Abydos King -list of Ram esses II. Eac h ch apter

introduce s yo u to a n ew feature o f the hie rogl yphic scri p t o r the la ngu age ,

and ends with copies o f in scriptions on which you ca n pr actise your skills .

We b elie ve thi s approach ha s a number o l advantage s.

Firs t. by reading gen uine anci en t inscri p tio ns from the first les so n ,

yo u can build up yo ur familiarity with the tricks of the trade: everyth in g

h ere (fro m in di vid u al sign s to whole ins cripti ons) is typi cal o f the kind of

monuments displa yed , no t j us t in th e Bri tish Museum, bu t in m u se um s

throughout the world. Secondly, b y reading th ese monuments, we h op e

yo u will fe el a real sen se o f a chievement at each sta ge of the b ook.

Th ird ly, con centrating on a coh er e nt group o f monuments W1]] a llow u s

to rai se so m e im po rt ant topics - suc h a s th e ro le o f Osiris, god of the d ead,

and the Mysteries cele brated at hi s cult ce nt re. Abyd os - which will help

yo u to u n de rsta nd th e cu ltural b a ckgro u n d o f these monumel1ls.

Rather tha n cra m m ing in unnece ssa ry d e rail . w e will give you

plem v o f pr acti ce in reading hieroglyphs, and introduce yo u to the m o st

common fea tures o r th e ancient Egypt ian langu a ge as it ap p ea rs on these

monuments. Th is will give yo u a firm basis on which 10 buil d, if yO ll later

move on to stud y other genr es of th e we alth o f te xts whi ch surv ives from

an cient Egypt -literature, religiou s wisdom. ro yal de cree s, or whateve r.

Th is bo ok h as developed a lit o f a course wh ich we h ave been te ach -

in g sinc e 199 2 . It wa s clear to US back the n tha t the exis ting introductions

to ancient Egyptian were either 100 bri ef or 100 d et ailed , and th at there

About the Iront cover 126

Cha p ter 7 Ch ar a cterisation

§44 Adjectives 9 3

§45 Adjectives used as n ouns 94

§40 Participles 94

§47 Parti ciples and epithets 95

§48 Part iciples as no uns 96

§4 9 CharaClerisalion with ~ ink 96

§50 Passive pan iciples 98

§5 1 ill + n oun + participle :nO

§52 Relative Iorms again lOu

M idd!" Kin yd ,'m titles luI

Exercises 104

HIerog lyp hic s ign-lists for t he exercises

I I- co n so na nt signs 127

II Somc common 2-consonant signs ;21

111 SOniC common 3-collsonall! signs ill

IV Som e conuno n ideograms 128

V Full sign list 129

Re fer e nce tables

Verb forms 144

Pronouns, noun s and adjectives 148

Egy ptian-English vo cabula ry 151

Key to the exercises 16::

Chapter 8 Th e future

§53 The s4m ty.fy rOflll II I

Bib liog raphy a n d furt her reading

1 _ ,

In dex

I 7 ~

Int rodu ai on

vii i

How 10 read E.qyp li an iIie,,',qlyphs

studying at home. We have ta ught the co urse in va n ou s guises fo r seve r-

al gro ups a nd insti tu tio ns: the Unive rsity of Londo n Ce n tre for Ext ra-

Mural $1 ud tes. the Egypt Explo ration Societ y. the Universit y o f Glasgow.

th e Wor kers Edu ca tio n al Associa tion. the Sussex Egyptol ogy Societ y a nd

the Tha me s Valle y Egyptological Soc iety at the University of Rea ding . At

the Bloo msbu ry Summer Sch oo l in part icu la r. we h av e had th e cha nce 10

introduce people to hiero glyp hs in the ho t-house of a single. conce ntrar-

ed wee k of stu dy. Th is book OWl' S a g reat deal 10 t he co nstr uc tive feed ba ck

of the stu de n ts at all these ven ues . wh o ha ve helpe d us (som eti mes forced

u s' ) to re fin e a nd clari fy the text. and as a resul t it is m uc h cleare r a nd

more accessible . Althoug h it woul d be im possible 10 ac knowledge so

many by name. w e are immensel y gra teful 10 each a nd eve ryone of them

for t he ir en th usiasm a n d feedba ck. a nd for e ncourag in g US in o ur belief

th at th is hook - a nd th e approach it em bo dies - is a worthwh ile pr oject.

In developing th is p rojec t into bo ok form. we h ave ha d the good for -

tune to be a ble 10 draw o n the kn owled ge a nd s up por t of ma ny peop le.

At the British M useum, Vivian Davi es. Keepe r of Egyptian Antiq ui ties .

first brou gh t th e pro ject to th e a ttention of Brit ish Muse um Pre ss. and

e ncour aged us 10 ma ke use of Richar d Parki nson 's exp ert ise in copyi ng

hier oglyph ic mo n ume nts: Ste phe n Quir ke freely sh ared hi s co n side ra ble

knowled ge o f Middle Kingdo m officiald om . as well as e nco urageme nt and

th e fir st round of d ri n ks: a s noted. I'll' are especially gra teful to Rich ar d

Par kin son lo r hi s o uts tanding line dra wi ngs. At Bloom sbu ry Su mme r

Sch ool. we would like to thank th e Director. Ch risto ph e r Coleman. who

allowed LI S ca rte blanc he 10 dev elo p lan guage course s. a nd a lso his

admirab le staff fo r diligen tly keep ing u s all (tu tor s and stu de n ts) ali ve .

Seve ra l colleagu es have h el ped u s to teac h hie ro glyph s at the Sch ool:

Ludwig Mo re nz. Toby Wilkinson. a nd especially J ose -Ra m on Perez-

Accino , who is now a regu lar partner in o ur teaching. At the Univ e rsity

of Lon do n Ce nt re for Extra -M u ral Stu dies. our grateful th a nk s are due to

Tony Legge and Lesle y Han niga n . who allo wed us th e freedom 10 dev el -

op t he cou rse as I'll' Si\W fit. a nd also to Louise La m be. Ma rk d rafted his

co ntrib u tio ns to the boo k wh ile a resident Fellow a t All Souls College .

Ox for d. a nd comple ted th em afte r h is a ppo int m ent to the Schoo l of

Arch aeology. Classics a nd Oriental Stu dies. Unive rsity of Liverp oo l; h e

wo uld like to ackn owledge the sup port o f both these institution s. His

work on th e language sections of t he hook has deve loped in ta ndem w ith

his comprehensive u ndergradua te gramma r co urse. t ntrodu ction to Middl e

f.:qyptiml. whic h w ill be published sepa ra tely.

We a rc gra tefu l to the stal! of t he British Mu seum Press. not least for

agreeing to take on such a complex book ; above all o ur edit or. Ca ro lyn

Jo nes . for he r de dicati on and goo d h umour in dealing with su ch a

demanding project . We wo u ld specially like to thank Nigel Strudwick for

undert ak ing th e Eng lish a nd Eg~'Ptian type sett in g. and Helen Stru d wic k

for cor rec ting proofs in Nigel's abse nce . Fina lly o ur t han ks are due to

Ma rk Mechan. wh o pre pared th e map o f Abydo s on page 55.

It is customary to ad d a fina l wor d about part n e rs. nut in th e present

case o u r love a nd ge n u in e heartfelt th anks a rt' due 10 our wive s. Jo an ne

Tim pson an d Kathy Mc Fall . w ho h a ve put LIp with us, a nd th is pro jec t. for

a long tim e . In part icu lar. Joa n ne . as well as toping with t he a rriva l of

Oliver a nd a preoccupi ed husba nd. st ill fou nd t ime to com m en t o n the

fina l dra ft.

Ma rk Collier

Bill Manley

t.h apter J

Illustrations

Hieroglyphs

Th e lin e drawings of ih e stelae re- produced in th is boo k w ere d rawn by

Richa rd Par kinson, Dep artmen t of Egyp tia n Ant iq uities , British Mu se um .

The sce nes from ihe Middle Kin gdo m io m bs .n Me ir ar e from A.M .

Bla ckm an, The Rock Tom bs of Mm . vo ls I and 11 . Egypt Expl or ati on Societ y.

Lon do n 19 14 an d 1915 ; w e ar e graieful to ih e Society [or pe rm issio n 10

re pro du ce rhem. The ph oi o graphs on pa ges 3 1. 44 . 63. 64. 108 a nd 125

a re suppli ed cou rt esy o f th e Tru ste e s of th e British Museum . C Briti sh

M useum Ph ot ograp hic Se rvice. M a rk Meeh an prepa red th e map o f Ab yd os

o n page 55.

§ 1 Introduction

Hier oglyphs a n ' pict u res use d as sign s in writ in g. Man y depict livin g crea -

iures o r o bjec ts (o r t h e ir pa n s ):

:it scale d mart

<:::;-::> mou th

wat e r-pot

And . as yo u mi gh t expect , so m e signs rep rese nt th e object th e y dep ict . So .

for exa m ple, the mouth-sign -=--> is u sed 10 writ e the wo rd for m o ut h , us u-

ally in combinatio n wli h a str oke -sign (see § 13 belo w fo r ihi s sig n ):

7 r mou th

A uth ors' note: Due 10 refurbish m ent wo rk a1 the British M use u m durin g

199 7 -8 . it h as n ot alwa ys bee n possible fo r th e au th ors 10 colla te th eir

own co pies again st ihe orig ina l m onume nt s.

Ho we ve r, ver y few wo rds a re act ual ly wrinen in ihi s way . In ste ad. hie ro -

glyphi c pio ur e -sigu s a re u sed to con vey t h e sound (a n d mea ning) of th e

an cient Egyptian lan guage, j u st as th e letters of ou r own alpha bet con ve y

ih e so u nds o f Eng lish . So. fo r exa mple. ihe hi e roglyph s abov e ibe figu re

roastin g th e goo se do n ot rea d ' reed . ch ick. ma ti, face ' eic .. which ma kes n o

sen se; rat h er, i h ey co n vey ihe so u n ds of var iou s words in Egypt ian w hich

toge ther h a ve th e follo wing m ea ni ng:

' f h a ve be en roast tu g since th e

beginnin g of rime - I hav e n eve r

see n ih e like of thi s goo se'

(Meir Ill, pI. 2 3 )

The pu rp o se of th is boo k is 10 sho w yo u j us: h o w this is do n e ,

Collier, Mark - How To Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs.pdf

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