Encyclopedia of Materials, Parts and Finishes.pdf

Materials,

Parts,

and

Finishes

Materials,

Parts,

and

Finishes

Mel Schwartz

CRC PRESS

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Schwartz, Mel M.

Encyclopedia of materials, parts, and ﬁnishes / by Mel Schwartz.—2nd ed.

p. cm.

ISBN 1-56676-661-3

1. Smart materials—Encyclopedia. I. Title.

TA418.9.S62 S39 2002

620.1'18—dc21

2002019220

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with

permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish

reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials

or for the consequences of their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

including photocopying, microﬁlming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior

permission in writing from the publisher.

The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works,

or for resale. Speciﬁc permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying.

Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.

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Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for

identiﬁcation and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 1-56676-661-3

Library of Congress Card Number 2002019220

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

Preface

This encyclopedia represents an update of existing materials and presents new materials that have

been invented or changed, either by new processes or by an innovative technique. The encyclopedia

covers basic materials such as rubber and wood.

This two-volumes-in-one includes two decades of the process of materials; the process/fabri-

cation selection has been hindered by new and unusual demands from all quarters. No change in

this trend is expected in the foreseeable future.

This trend has been visible in several industries — aerospace, automotive, electronic, space,

computers, chemical, and oil — and in many other commercial endeavors. Metals (wrought, cast,

forged, powder), plastics (thermoplastics/thermosets), composites, structural ceramics, and coatings

are continually ﬁnding new applications in the above industries.

The trend toward combining high strength and light weight is evident in ﬁber/particle/whisker-

reinforced composites. This encyclopedia/handbook covers not only these matrix composites

(metallic, plastic, ceramic, and intermetallic), but also other materials of the future — nano and

functionally graded structures, fullarenes, plastics (PEEK, PES, etc.), smart piezoelectric materials,

shape memory alloys, and ceramics.

Higher processing temperatures as well as more resistant and effective high-temperature mate-

rials have attracted the attention of engineers, scientists, and materials workers in many industries.

Engines now operate more efﬁciently at temperatures higher than those attainable with the materials

of the past. For example, interest in 2000°F (1093°C) turbine engines has brought more high-

temperature, high-strength ceramics into development and use.

The use of a vacuum environment has improved many materials not only in their initial

production and processing, i.e., steels, but also eventually in their fabrication. For example, a

vacuum environment in brazing and welding and in hot isostatic pressing removes voids and

consolidates material structures.

New environmental regulations by government agencies (the Environmental Protection Agency,

the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, etc.) have sent the technologist back to the

drawing board and laboratory to design and develop new and better materials and processes that

are not potential health hazards, and many of these new material substitutes are included in this

revised edition.

Finally, political diplomacy, rather than economics and regulation, could well be the most

important factor in materials supply in the near future. The major supply of many critical raw

materials and supplies for the processes needed to sustain the future economies of many nations

lies in the hands of a few small nations. Consequently, there is no guarantee of a steady supply of

these strategic materials, and we must continually innovate and explore new sources of materials

development (ocean ﬂoor and space).

Editor

Mel M. Schwartz

is a consultant to the vast ﬁeld of materials and processes. He is editor of the

. Schwartz

received his bachelor of arts degree from Temple University, his master’s degree from Drexel

University, and is currently working in the doctorate program at the University of Sarasota. His

professional experience includes a career in metallurgy, manufacturing research, and development

and metals processing at the U.S. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Chemical Corp., Martin-Marietta Corp.,

Rohr Industries, and Sikorsky Aircraft, from which he retired in 1999.

Awards and honors include Inventor of the Year for Martin-Marietta, the Jud Hall Award

(Society of Manufacturing Engineers), the ﬁrst G. Lubin Award (Society for the Advancement of

Materials and Processing Engineers), and Engineer of the Year in Connecticut (1973). He is an

elected Fellow for the Society for the Advancement of Materials and Processing Engineers and

American Society for Materials International, and sits on several peer-review committees; as well,

he is a member of numerous national and international societies. Schwartz has written 14 books

and over 100 technical papers and articles and has given company in-house courses and numerous

seminars around the world.

Journal of Advanced Materials

and editor-in-chief of the

Smart Materials Encyclopedia

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