Microelectronics 2nd ed, - J. Whitaker (CRC, 1999) WW(1).pdf - Najnowsze ksiazki(2) - walbo48

Microelectronics

Second Edition

Microelectronics

Jerry C. Whitaker

Boca Raton London New York

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the

Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

Second Edition

This material was previously published in The Electronics Handbook, Second Edition . © CRC Press LLC 2005.

Published in 2006 by

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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3391-1 (Hardcover)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Microelectronics / [edited by] Jerry C. Whitaker.-- 2nd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-3391-1 (alk. paper)

1. Microelectronics. I. Whitaker, Jerry C.

TK7874.M4587 2005

621.381--dc22

2005053102

Taylor & Francis Group

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Preface

The discipline of microelectronics has played a fundamental role in shaping the electronics industry, as

well as related industries that rely on electronic components and subsystems. In a realm where changes

happen frequently and dramatically, the constant themes that have persisted are miniaturization, increased

speed, reduced power consumption, and reduced cost. These effects have resulted in an increased demand

for microelectronics in all sectors of consumer, industrial, and military products. Advancements in man-

ufacturing have enabled these devices to be produced in very high volumes, thereby reducing the cost per

device. In turn, the lower cost fuels future demand which pushes the industry for further miniaturization

and higher volume manufacturing.

The combination of reduced size, increased speed, and increased capacity of microelectronics devices

was first observed by Gordon E. Moore (the legendary Chairman of Intel)who during the 1960s commented

that the feature size of semiconductor transistors reduced by 10 percent per year. In fact, the reduction has

been even more dramatic than that. The capacity of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) integrated

circuits has quadrupled approximately every three years. The increased density of transistors contained in

microelectronic devices has resulted in a phenomenon of virtually “free computing power.”

The digital revolution of the 1980s ushered in the so-called Information Age , and with it came substantial

growth of data recording systems, primarily associated with the desktop computer. The transition to digital

systems is far from complete, but it has already had far-reaching impact. Perhaps most important is the

nearly universal usability of digital information. Any form of expression that can be quantiﬁed can be

turned into a digital bit stream, and carried in tandem with any other type of expression.

Computers manipulate data and in this context they can be thought of as the engines necessary to

organize and access information. Computers are rapidly changing the world—from the workplace to the

home—ranging from traditional stand-alone mainframes to embedded computational devices. Almost

every piece of equipment or appliance contains one or more microprocessors.

The market demand for microelectronics has evolved from largely a military-driven demand to one that

is now largely consumer-driven. Consequently, the device features have also been targeted at consumer

needs, such as low power, low cost, and mass market applications, rather than military needs, such as

meeting military speciﬁcations for reliability and packaging, specialized applications, and the resulting

high cost of such devices. The performance of microelectronics is measured, thus, from the viewpoint of

the technological aspects of the device, as well as from the viewpoint of end user effectiveness. The goal is

to enable the end user of the devices to perform complex tasks in a more efﬁcient manner than what was

previously possible.

This Handbook focuses on the technological issues within speciﬁc microelectronic technologies and

examines how they affect the push of technology that drives the next generation of microelectronics.

The chapters describe the three primary elements of microelectronics technology: materials, devices, and

applications.

This Handbook strives to give the reader a broad understanding of the technologies shaping microelec-

tronics and how these technologies affect the end uses of the devices.

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