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Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable
Energy Systems
David Pimentel
Editor
Biofuels, Solar and Wind
as Renewable Energy
Systems
Benefits and Risks
123
Editor
Dr. David Pimentel
Cornell University
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
5126 Comstock Hall
Ithaca, NY 15850
USA
dp18@cornell.edu
ISBN: 978-1-4020-8653-3
e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-8654-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008931413
Chapter 5 c
The Authors
2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Cover Images
Dutch windmill (Courtesy of Schoen Photography, www.schoenphotography.com)
c
2008 JupiterImages Corporation
Printed on acid-free paper
987654321
springer.com
c
Schoen Photography, Colorado, USA
Wind turbine c
Preface
The petroleum age began about 150 years ago. Easily available energy has sup-
ported major advances in agriculture, industry, transportation, and indeed many
diverse activities valued by humans. Now world petroleum and natural gas sup-
plies have peaked and their supplies will slowly decline over the next 40–50 years
until depleted. Although small amounts of petroleum and natural gas will remain
underground, it will be energetically and economically impossible to extract. In the
United States, coal supplies could be available for as long as 40–50 years, depending
on how rapidly coal is utilized as a replacement for petroleum and natural gas.
Having been comfortable with the security provided by fossil energy, especially
petroleum and natural gas, we appear to be slow to recognize the energy crisis in the
U.S. and world. Serious energy conservation and research on viable renewable en-
ergy technologies are needed. Several renewable energy technologies already exist,
but sound research is needed to improve their effectiveness and economics. Most of
the renewable energy technologies are influenced by geographic location and face
problems of intermittent energy supply and storage. Most renewable technologies
require extensive land; a few researchers have even suggested that one-half of all
land biomass could be harvested in order to supply the U.S. with 30% of its liquid
fuel!
Some optimistic investigations of renewable energy have failed to recognize that
only 0.1% of the solar energy is captured annually in the U.S. by all the green plants,
including agriculture, forestry, and grasslands. Photovoltaics can collect about 200
times more solar energy per year than green plants. The green plants took more than
700 million years to collect and then be stored as the concentrated energy found in
petroleum, natural gas, and coal supplies.
This book examines various renewable energy technologies and reports on their
potential to supply the United States and other nations with needed energy. Some
chapters examine several renewable energy technologies and their potential to re-
place fossil fuel, while others focus on one specific technology and its potential, as
well as its limitations. In this volume, the aim of the contributors is to share their
analyses as a basis for more research in renewable energy technologies. Basic to all
the renewable energy technologies is that they attempt to minimize damage to the
environment that supports all life.
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