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lesson_118
Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
I.
BASIC PUNCTUATION RULES.
Podstawowe zasady interpunkcji
Period (.)
o Period is used at the end of a sentence: I have always loved him.
o Periods are used in abbreviations: Tom Smith, Jr .
o Periods are used in numbers and letters in outlines: 1. clean the floor
o Note: period is put before the closing quotation mark: She said, “I don’t love you.”
o Periods are used in numbers to mark decimal points: Pi number is approximately 3.14
Question mark (?)
o Question marks are used at the end of direct questions: How old are you?
Note : question marks are not used in indirect questions: She asked how old I was.
Exclamation mark (!)
o Exclamations are used to show emphasis or emotion: You must be joking!, Watch out!
Coma (,)
o Comas are used before a linking word in a compound sentence to separate 2
independent clauses:
We did our homework, and then we went to the cinema.
o Comas are used after introductory words: Please, can I go now?
o Comas are used after introductory phrases:
Over the cloud of dust, we could see the sky .
They met, got married, had three children, and they lived happily ever after
o Comas are used to separate phrases in a series:
Far away, over the hill, we found his house.
o Comas are used after introductory infinitive structures:
To pay his debt, he had to steal.
o Comas are used to introduce additional information:
Jane, who you would never suspect of such generosity, gave all her money to a beggar.
o Comas are used in dates to separate two names or two numbers:
We met on Monday, June 6.
July 6, 1980, is my date of birth.
o Comas are used in long numbers every third digit from the right: 2,344,568.
o Comas are used in quotations before the closing mark:
“Anyway,” she said, “I have to go.”
Note : when the quotation ends with a question of exclamation mark, there is no coma:
“You must be joking!” she said
Semicolon (;)
o Semicolons are used when there is no linking word between clauses:
I like her; he likes her too
o Semicolons are used when the clauses contain comas:
She likes ice-cream with chocolate, cream; I prefer sorbets.
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Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
Colon (:)
o Colons are used to introduce a list:
we have all ingredients: strawberries, grapes, olives, and cream.
Note: colons are not used after prepositions or verbs:
We went to London, Brighton, and Bath.
You will need strong shoes, umbrellas, and scarves.
o Colons are used to introduce quotations that don’t start with he said :
Dickens wrote: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times."
Note : quotation marks are both up: “ What are you doing here?”
Note : single quotation marks are used to quote within a quotation:
“Have you read ‘Wuthering Heights’?”
1. Each of the quotations below contains one punctuation mistake. Correct the
mistake. Ka Ŝ dy z poni Ŝ szych cyatów zawiera bł ą d interpunkcyjny. Popraw bł ę dy.
"What's in a name. That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet."
William Shakespeare
“Conversion, fastidious Goddess loves blood better than brick, and feasts most subtly on the
human will.”
Virginia Woolf
“Only presidents, editors and people with tapeworm have the right to use the editorial 'we'.”
Mark Twain
“When people talk, listen completely. Most people never listen”.
Ernest Hemingway
“Few people think more than two or three times a year, I have made an international
reputation for myself by thinking once or twice a week.”
George Bernard Shaw
“I was gratified to be able to answer promptly. I said, “I don't know.””
Mark Twain
“It is by the goodness of God that in our country we have those three unspeakably precious
things freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to practice either of
them.”
Mark Twain
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Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
II.
READ THE TEXT AND DO THE EXERCISES BELOW.
Przeczytaj tekst i wykonaj ćwiczenia.
At Kewalo Basin Marine Laboratory in Hawaii Lou Herman and his team have developed a
sign language to communicate with the dolphins and the results are remarkable Not only do
the dolphins understand the meaning of individual words they also understand the
significance of word order in a sentence For example they generally responded correctly
straight away to the command touch the frisbee with your tail and then jump over it This has
the characteristics of true understanding not rigid training
In the BBC program Wildlife on One Dolphins - Deep Thinkers one of Lou Hermans dolphins
Akeakamai watches David Attenborough on an underwater tv screen No one could predict
how she would react but as soon as David appeared on the screen she responded correctly to
his sign language and even had a go at imitating him
Despite inhabiting a very different world to ourselves dolphins perform brilliantly in our tests
says Lou Herman There is still much to learn about these flexible problem-solvers but from
the evidence so far it seems that dolphins do indeed deserve their reputation for being highly
intelligent BBC nature
1. From the above text all punctuation marks have been removed. Put them back
into the text. Z powy Ŝ szego tekstu usuni ę to wszystkie znaki interpunkcyjne.
Wstaw je w odpowiednie miejsca.
2. Look at the words underlined in the text and decide what parts of speech they
are. Spójrz na wyrazy podkreslone w tek ś cie i zdecyduj jakie to cz ęś ci mowy.
1. communicate
………….
3. responded
………….
4. predict
………….
5. react
………….
6. appeared
………….
7. imitating
………….
8. inhabiting
………….
9. different
………….
10. perform
………….
11. flexible
………….
12. evidence
………….
13. intelligent
………….
2. significance
………….
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Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
3. Change the words from exercise 2 in the way below. Przekształć wyrazy z
ćwiczenia 2 w następujący sposób
1. noun
………….
2. adjective
………….
3. noun
………….
4. adjective
………….
5. noun
………….
6. noun
………….
7. noun
………….
8. noun
………….
9. noun
………….
10. noun
………….
11. noun
………….
12. adjective
………….
13. noun
………….
KEY
I.
1.
"What's in a name ? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet."
William Shakespeare
“Conversion, fastidious Goddess , loves blood better than brick, and feasts most subtly on the
human will.” Additional information
Virginia Woolf
“Only presidents, editors , and people with tapeworm have the right to use the editorial 'we'.”
Mark Twain a list
“When people talk, listen completely. Most people never listen .”
Ernest Hemingway period before the ending quotation mark
“Few people think more than two or three times a year ; I have made an international
reputation for myself by thinking once or twice a week.” Or a period
George Bernard Shaw
“I was gratified to be able to answer promptly. I said, ‘ I don't know. ’ ” Quote within a quote
Mark Twain
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Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!
“It is by the goodness of God that in our country we have those three unspeakably precious
things : freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to practice either of
them.” A list
Mark Twain
II.
1.
At Kewalo Basin Marine Laboratory in Hawaii, Lou Herman and his team have developed a
sign language to communicate with the dolphins, and the results are remarkable. Not only do
the dolphins understand the meaning of individual words, they also understand the
significance of word order in a sentence. For example, they generally responded correctly
straight away to the command: "touch the frisbee with your tail and then jump over it." This
has the characteristics of true understanding, not rigid training.
In the BBC programme, “Wildlife on One: Dolphins - Deep Thinkers?”, one of Lou Herman's
dolphins, Akeakamai, watches David Attenborough on an underwater tv screen. No one could
predict how she would react, but as soon as David appeared on the screen, she responded
correctly to his sign language, and even had a go at imitating him.
“Despite inhabiting a very different world to ourselves, dolphins perform brilliantly in our
tests,” says Lou Herman. There is still much to learn about these flexible problem-solvers, but
from the evidence so far, it seems that dolphins do indeed deserve their reputation for being
highly intelligent. BBC nature
2.
1. verb
2. noun
3. verb
4. verb
5. verb
6. verb
7. verb
8. verb
9. adjective
10. verb
11. adjective
12. noun
13. adjective
3.
1. communication
2. significant
3. response
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