Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering - J. Shultis, R. Faw (Marcel Dekker, 2002) WW.pdf - Nuclear Energy Books - WMatrixie

FUNDAMENTALS OF NUCLEAR

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

J. KENNETH SHULTIS

RICHARD E. FAW

Kansas State University

Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A.

MARCEL

MARCEL DEKKER, INC.

NEW YORK • BASEL

D E K K E R

ISBN: 0-8247-0834-2

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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Preface

Nuclear engineering and the technology developed by this discipline began and

reached an amazing level of maturity within the past 60 years. Although nuclear

and atomic radiation had been used during the first half of the twentieth century,

mainly for medical purposes, nuclear technology as a distinct engineering discipline

began after World War II with the first efforts at harnessing nuclear energy for

electrical power production and propulsion of ships. During the second half of the

twentieth century, many innovative uses of nuclear radiation were introduced in the

physical and life sciences, in industry and agriculture, and in space exploration.

The purpose of this book is two-fold as is apparent from the table of contents.

The first half of the book is intended to serve as a review of the important results

of "modern" physics and as an introduction to the basic nuclear science needed

by a student embarking on the study of nuclear engineering and technology. Later

in this book, we introduce the theory of nuclear reactors and its applications for

electrical power production and propulsion. We also survey many other applications

of nuclear technology encountered in space research, industry, and medicine.

The subjects presented in this book were conceived and developed by others.

Our role is that of reporters who have taught nuclear engineering for more years

than we care to admit. Our teaching and research have benefited from the efforts

of many people. The host of researchers and technicians who have brought nu-

clear technology to its present level of maturity are too many to credit here. Only

their important results are presented in this book. For their efforts, which have

greatly benefited all nuclear engineers, not least ourselves, we extend our deepest

appreciation. As university professors we have enjoyed learning of the work of our

colleagues. We hope our present and future students also will appreciate these past

accomplishments and will build on them to achieve even more useful applications

of nuclear technology. We believe the uses of nuclear science and engineering will

continue to play an important role in the betterment of human life.

At a more practical level, this book evolved from an effort at introducing a

nuclear engineering option into a much larger mechanical engineering program at

Kansas State University. This book was designed to serve both as an introduction

to the students in the nuclear engineering option and as a text for other engineering

students who want to obtain an overview of nuclear science and engineering. We

believe that all modern engineering students need to understand the basic aspects

of nuclear science engineering such as radioactivity and radiation doses and their

hazards.

Many people have contributed to this book. First and foremost we thank our

colleagues Dean Eckhoff and Fred Merklin, whose initial collection of notes for an

introductory course in nuclear engineering motivated our present book intended

for a larger purpose and audience. We thank Professor Gale Simons, who helped

prepare an early draft of the chapter on radiation detection. Finally, many revisions

have been made in response to comments and suggestions made by our students on

whom we have experimented with earlier versions of the manuscript. Finally, the

camera copy given the publisher has been prepared by us using I^TEX, and, thus,

we must accept responsibility for all errors, typographical and other, that appear

in this book.

J. Kenneth Shultis and Richard E. Faw

Contents

1 Fundamental Concepts

1.1 Modern Units

1.1.1 Special Nuclear Units

1.1.2 Physical Constants

1.2 The Atom

1.2.1 Atomic and Nuclear Nomenclature

1.2.2 Atomic and Molecular Weights

1.2.3 Avogadro's Number

1.2.4 Mass of an Atom

1.2.5 At omic N umber Density

1.2.6 Size of an Atom

1.2.7 Atomic and Isotopic Abundances

1.2.8 Nuclear Dimensions

1.3 Chart of the Nuclides

1.3.1

2 Modern Physics Concepts

2.1 The Special Theory of Relativity

2.1.1 Principle of Relativity

2.1.2 Results of the Special Theory of Relativity

2.2 Radiation as Waves and Particles

2.2.1 The Photoelectric Effect

2.2.2 Compton Scattering

2.2.3 Electromagnetic Radiation: Wave-Particle Duality

2.2.4 Electron Scattering

2.2.5 Wave-Particle Duality

2.3 Quantum Mechanics

2.3.1 Schrodinger's Wave Equation

2.3.2 The Wave Function

2.3.3 The Uncertainty Principle

2.3.4 Success of Quantum Mechanics

2.4 Addendum 1: Derivation of Some Special Relativity Results

2.4.1

Other Sources of Atomic/Nuclear Information

Time Dilation

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