125.pdf

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

Read the text and do the exercises below. Przeczytaj tekst i wykonaj ćwiczenia

poniżej

1. Match the words from the text with their translations. Połącz wyrazy z tekstu

z ich tłumaczeniami

esteem

batonik

fate

chrupiący

charcoal

ciasto

sulphur

czerstwy

saltpetre

gotowane

salty

kierownik

soggy

kroić w plastry

crunchy

lokal

slice

los

grease

napój bezalkoholowy

douse

płatki śniadaniowe

lodge

potężny

artificial

poważanie

jointly

próżniowy

soft drink

pszenica

appliance

rozmoczony

vacuum

saletra

bar

siarka

bulky

słony

superintendent

stosować

comply

sztuczny

wholesome

tłuszcz

boiled

urządzenie

wheat

węgiel drzewny

stale

wspólnie

dough

zanurzać

grains

zboża

cereal

zdrowe

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

Invented by accident

We tend to hold inventors in high esteem, but often their discoveries were the result of an

accident or twist of fate. This is true of many everyday items, including the following surprise

inventions.

1. Fireworks

Fireworks originated in China some 2,000 years ago, and legend has it that they were

accidentally invented by a cook who mixed together charcoal, sulphur, and saltpetre all

items commonly found in kitchens in those days. The mixture burned and when compressed

in a bamboo tube, it exploded. There's no record of whether it was the cook's last day on the

job.

2. Potato Chips

If you can't eat just one potato chip, blame it on chef George Crum. He reportedly created the

salty snack in 1853 at Moon's Lake House near Saratoga Springs, New York. Fed up with

a customer who continuously sent his fried potatoes back, complaining that they were soggy

and not crunchy enough, Crum sliced the potatoes as thin as possible, fried them in hot grease,

then doused them with salt. The customer loved them and "Saratoga Chips" quickly became

a popular item at the lodge and throughout New England.

3. Saccharin

Saccharin, the oldest artificial sweetener, was accidentally discovered in 1879 by researcher

Constantine Fahlberg, who was working at the American Johns Hopkins University in the

laboratory of professor Ira Remsen. Fahlberg's discovery came after he forgot to wash his

hands before lunch. He had spilled a chemical on his hands and it, in turn, caused the bread he

ate to taste unusually sweet. In 1880, the two scientists jointly published the discovery, but in

1884, Fahlberg obtained a patent and began massproducing saccharin without Remsen. The

use of saccharin did not become widespread until sugar was rationed during World War I, and

its popularity increased during the 1960s and 1970s with the manufacture of Sweet'N Low

and diet soft drinks.

4. Microwave Ovens

The microwave oven is now a standard appliance in most American households, but it has

only been around since the late 1940s. In 1945, Percy Spencer was experimenting with a new

vacuum tube called a magnetron while doing research for the American Raytheon

Corporation. He was intrigued when the candy bar in his pocket began to melt, so he tried

another experiment with popcorn. When it began to pop, Spencer immediately saw the

potential in this revolutionary process. In 1947, Raytheon built the first microwave oven, the

Radarange, which weighed 750 pounds, was 51/2 feet tall, and cost about $5,000. When the

Radarange first became available for home use in the early 1950s, its bulky size and high

price made it unpopular with consumers. But in 1967, a much more popular 100volt, version

was introduced at aprice of $495.

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

5. Corn Flakes

In 1894, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg was the superintendent of the Battle Creek Sanatorium in

Michigan. He and his brother Will Keith Kellogg were Seventh Day Adventists, and they

were searching for wholesome foods to feed patients that also complied with the Adventists'

strict vegetarian diet. When Will accidentally left some boiled wheat sitting out, it went stale

by the time he returned. Rather than throw it away, the brothers sent it through rollers, hoping

to make long sheets of dough, but they got flakes instead. They toasted the flakes, which were

a big hit with patients, and patented them under the name Granose. The brothers experimented

with other grains, including corn, and in 1906, Will created the Kellogg's company to sell the

corn flakes. On principle, John refused to join the company because Will lowered the health

benefits of the cereal by adding sugar.

2. Read the text again and answer the questions. Przeczytaj ponownie tekst i

odpowiedz na pytania

A. Fireworks

B. Potato Chips

C. Saccharin

D. Microwave Ovens

E. Corn Flakes

Which invention…:

1. …descended from French fries? ……..

2. …didn’t become popular at first? ……..

3. …is the oldest? ……..

4. …resulted for repeated complaints? ……..

5. …resulted from insufficient hygiene? ……..

6. …resulted from interest in healthy food? ……..

7. …was announced by two scientists? ……..

8. …was first made of food that had gone bad? ……..

9. …was first used by patients? ……..

10. …was made by a cook? ……..

11. …was made by two brothers? ……..

12. …was made in a lab? ……..

13. …was not made in America? ……..

14. …was too big and expensive at first? ……..

II.

Relative pronouns

We use relative pronouns to refer to people, things and actions. Relative pronouns are: who,

whom, whose, which, that . Relative adverbs are: when, where, why

We use who to refer to people: This is the man who stole my car

We use which to refer to things: This is the table which I bought yesterday

In both cases we may also use that

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

We use whose to express possession: This is the man whose wife is a nurse (the wife belongs to the man)

We use whom instead of who in formal language and after prepositions :

This is the man about whom I have told you

We use when to refer to time: 1999 was the year when we got married

We use where to refer to a place: Paris is the place where we always wanted to go

We use why to express reason: This is the reason why I hate bananas

1. Complete the text with the right relative pronouns and adverbs. Uzupełnji tekst

właściwymi zaimkami wskazującymi

Leonardo da Vinci, ….. was one of the greatest inventorscientist of recorded history, is the

icon of creativity. The man ….. genius was unbounded by time and technology, was driven by

his curiosity, ….. made him famous all over the world.

Da Vinci, ….. was dedicated to discovery of truth and the mysteries of nature, made

contributions to science ….. were legendary. In Renaissance ….. Leonardo live people tried to

set an ignorant and superstitious world on a course of reason, science and tolerance. The

genius, about ….. hundreds of books have been written, was an internationally renowned

inventor, scientists, engineer, architect, painter, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist,

astronomer, geologists, biologist, and philosopher in his time.

1452 was the year ….. he was born as a son of Ser piero da Vinci. Da Vinci was an

illegitimate (=pozamałżeńskie) child, which was the reason ….. he was sent to Florence in his

teens ….. he studied to become a painter. He quickly developed his own artistic style ….. was

unique and contrary to tradition. His great originality was the reason ….. da Vinci's artistic

style was largely unpopular for the next quarter century.

Later Da Vinci was appreciate by the duke of Milan for ….. he became the court artist.

Throughout his life he also served various other roles ….. included among others civil

engineer and ….. he worked as an architect, he designed mechanical structures such as bridges

and aqueducts. There has been no inventor since the times of Da Vinci ….. creative, analytic,

and visionary inventiveness could match the master.

Bo nauka nie musi być nudna!

Key

esteem

poważanie

fate

los

charcoal

węgiel drzewny

sulphur

siarka

saltpetre

saletra

salty

słony

soggy

rozmoczony

crunchy

chrupiący

slice

kroić w plastry

grease

tłuszcz

douse

zanurzać

lodge

lokal

artificial

sztuczny

jointly

wspólnie

soft drink

napój bezalkoholowy

appliance

urządzenie

vacuum

próżniowy

bar

batonik

bulky

potężny

superintendent

kierownik

comply

stosować

wholesome

zdrowe

boiled

gotowane

wheat

pszenica

stale

czerstwy

dough

ciasto

grains

zboża

cereal

płatki śniadaniowe

1. B

2. C D

3. A

4. B

5. C

6. E

7. C

8. E

9. E

10. A

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