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TM 5-818-6

AFM 88-32

DEPARTMENT OF

THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL

DEPARTMENT

OF THE AIR FORCE MANUAL

GROUTING METHODS

AND EQUIPMENT

DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY AND THE AIR FORCE

FEBRUARY 1970

TAGO 8061A

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TM 5-848-6

AFM 88-32

TECHNICAL MANUAL

No. 5-818-6

AIR FORCE MANUAL

No. 88-32

DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY

AND THE AIR FORCE

Washington, D. C., 27 February 1970

GROUTING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT

SECTION 1.

SECTION 2.

SECTION 3.

SECTION 4.

SECTION 5.

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TM 5-818-6/AFM 88-32

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TM 5-818-6/AFM 88-32

SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION

1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE. This manual was prepared to provide guidance

in the use of pressure grouting as a means to correct existing or anticipated

subsurface problems. Information on procedures, materials, and equipment

for use in planning and executing a grouting project i’s included, and types of

problems that might be solved by pressure grouting are discussed. Methods

of pressure grouting that have proven to be effective are described, and

various types of grouts and their properties are listed.

2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

a. Purposes of Pressure Grouting. Pressure grouting involves the injec-

tion under pressure of a liquid or suspension into the voids of a soil or rock

mass or into voids between these materials and an existing structure. The

injected grout must eventually form either a gel or a solid-within the treated

voids, or the grouting process must result in the deposition of suspended

solids in these voids. The primary purposes of pressure grouting a soil or

rock mass are to improve the strength and durability of the mass and/or to

reduce the permeability of the mass.

b. Problems Related to Strength. Typical problems involving strength

properties of a soil or rock mass include: (a) insufficient bearing capacity

for structural elements such as footings, slabs, or mats; (b) insufficient

strength to preclude sliding failures of embankments or cut slopes; (c) in-

herent mass instability of fractured rock formations; (d) sloughing or com-

plete closure of vertical or horizontal tunnels; and (e) general structural

weaknesses due to underground caverns or solution channels or due to voids

that develop during or following construction.

c. Problems Related to Permeability. Problems related to permeability

of a—soil or rock mass include: (a) reduction in strength of foundation mate-

rials due to high seepage forces; (b) loss of impounded water from a reser-

voir or storage area; (c) high uplift forces at the base of a water- retaining

structure; (d) piping erosion through or under an earth dam; and (e) inability

to complete excavations,shafts, or tunnels extending below the groundwater

table due to caving and sloughing.

d. Selection of Methods of Treatment. Problems of the nature described

above can often be treated by pressure grouting. However, other methods of

treatment may be equally satisfactory and adaptable to the project. The se-

lection of pressure grouting as the method of treatment should be based on

an evaluation of all pertinent aspects of the problem, i.e., engineering needs,

subsurface conditions, economic considerations, and availability of qualified

supervisory personnel. In some respects, pressure grouting is an art based

on natural and scientific laws but it requires experience and engineering

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TM

5-818-6/AFM

88-32

judgment. Rigid rules for the exercise of this art cannot be established, and

only general procedures and guides can be presented in this manual. For

these reasons, the services of personnel experienced in grouting should al-

ways be utilized.

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