em1110-1-3500 chem grouting.pdf

CECW-EG

Department of the Army

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Washington, DC 20314-1000

EM 1110-1-3500

Engineer Manual

1110-1-3500

31 January 1995

Engineering and Design

CHEMICAL GROUTING

Distribution Restriction Statement

Approved for public release; distribution is

unlimited.

EM 1110-1-3500

31 January 1995

US Army Corps

of Engineers

ENGINEERING AND DESIGN

Chemical Grouting

ENGINEER MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

EM 1110-1-3500

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

CECW-EG

Washington, DC 20314-1000

Manual

No. 1110-1-3500

31 January 1995

Engineering and Design

CHEMICAL GROUTING

1. Purpose. This manual provides information and guidance for the investigation and selection of

materials, equipment, and methods to be used in chemical grouting in connection with construction

projects.

2. Applicability. This manual is applicable to all HQUSACE/OCE elements, major subordinate

commands, districts, laboratories, and field operating activities having military programs and/or civil

works responsibilities.

FOR THE COMMANDER:

Colonel, Corps of Engineers

Chief of Staff

____________________________________________________________________________________

This manual supersedes EM 1110-2-3504, dated 31 May 1973.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

EM 1110-1-3500

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

CECW-EG

Washington, DC 20314-1000

Manual

No. 1110-1-3500

31 January 1995

Engineering and Design

CHEMICAL GROUTING

Table of Contents

Subject

Paragraph

Page

Subject

Paragraph

Page

Chapter 1

Introduction

Purpose ..................... 1-1

1-1

Chapter 3

Grouting Equipment and Methods

Grout-Mixing Equipment ......... 3-1

3-1

Applicability .................. 1-2

1-1

Pumping Equipment ............. 3-2

3-1

References ................... 1-3

1-1

Pumping Systems ............... 3-3

3-3

Definitions ................... 1-4

1-1

Injection Methods .............. 3-4

3-4

Chemical Grout and Grouting ...... 1-5

1-1

Special Requirements for

Chemical Grouts ............. 1-6

1-1

Chapter 4

Planning

Regulatory Requirements ......... 4-1

Advantages and Limitations of

Chemical Grouts ............. 1-7

4-1

1-2

Preliminary Planning ............ 4-2

4-1

Proponent .................... 1-8

1-3

Laboratory Testing .............. 4-3

4-3

Field Operations ............... 4-4

4-6

Chapter 2

Chemical Grout Materials

Types of Chemical Grout ......... 2-1

Grout Availability .............. 4-5

4-7

2-1

Appendices

Factors Affecting Penetration ...... 2-2

2-1

Appendix A

References

Sodium Silicate Systems .......... 2-3

2-1

Acrylate Grouts ................ 2-4

2-7

Urethanes .................... 2-5

2-7

Appendix B

Glossary

Lignins ...................... 2-6

2-8

Resins ...................... 2-7

2-8

Other Grouts .................. 2-8

2-10

EM 1110-1-3500

31 Jan 95

Chapter 1

Introduction

formulated that are mixtures of particulate materials in

chemical grouts with the particulate materials themselves

being capable of solidifying reactions. Grouts discussed

in this manual are those in which the liquid and solid

phases typically will not separate in normal handling and

in which processes other than the introduction of solid

particles and mixing are used to generate the grout.

Mixtures of chemical and particulate grouts have the

limitations of particulate grouts in terms of mixing,

handling, and injection and so are best treated as

particulate grouts (EM 1110-2-3506 and para 2-3 h (2)).

1-1. Purpose

This manual provides information and guidance for the

investigation and selection of materials, equipment, and

methods to be used in chemical grouting in connection

with construction projects. Elements discussed include

types of chemical grout materials, grouting equipment

and methods, planning of chemical grouting operations,

and specifications. Emphasis is placed on the unique

characteristics of chemical grouts that benefit hydraulic

structures. Uses of conventional portland-cement-based

grouts and microfine-cement grouts are not included here,

but are discussed in Engineer Manual (EM) 1110-2-3506,

Grouting Technology.

b. Chemical grouting. Chemical grouting is the

process of injecting a chemically reactive solution that

behaves as a fluid but reacts after a predetermined time

to form a solid, semisolid, or gel. Chemical grouting

requires specially designed grouting equipment in that the

reactive solution is often formed by proportioning the

reacting liquids in an on-line continuous mixer. Typi-

cally, no allowance is made in chemical-grouting plants

for particulate materials suspended in a liquid. Further,

the materials used in the pumps and mixers are specifi-

cally selected to be nonreactive with the chemicals being

mixed and pumped.

1-2. Applicability

This manual is applicable to all HQUSACE/OCE ele-

ments, major subordinate commands, districts, laborato-

ries, and field operating activities having military

programs and/or civil works responsibilities.

c. Background. Chemical grouts were developed in

response to a need to develop strength and control water

flow in geologic units where the pore sizes in the rock or

soil units were too small to allow the introduction of

conventional portland-cement suspensions. The first

grouts used were two-stage grouts that depended on the

reaction between solutions of metal salts and sodium

silicate. The goal in this work was to bond the particles

of soil or rock and to fill in the pore spaces to reduce

fluid flow. The technology has expanded with the addi-

tion of organic polymer solutions and additives that can

control the strength and setting characteristics of the

injected liquid. Chemical grouting has become a major

activity in remediation and repair work under and around

damaged or deteriorated structures. Much of the technol-

ogy for large-scale grouting of rock or soil can and has

been adapted into equipment for repairing concrete struc-

tures such as pond liners, drains, or sewers.

1-3. References

References are listed in Appendix A. The most current

versions of all references listed in Appendix A should be

maintained in all districts and divisions having civil

works responsibilities. The references should be main-

tained in a location readily accessible to those persons

assigned the responsibility for chemical-grouting investi-

gations and chemical grouting in construction.

1-4. Definitions

Terms used this document are defined in Appendix B.

1-5. Chemical Grout and Grouting

a. Chemical grouts. Chemical grouts are injected

into voids as solutions, in contrast to cementitious grouts,

which are suspensions of particles in a fluid medium.

Chemical grouts react after a predetermined time to form

a solid, semisolid, or gel. The distinction between chem-

ical and cementitious grouts is arbitrary in that some

particulate grouts are made up of suspension of microfine

cement with particles generally less than 10 µm in

diameter. The distinction is further complicated by the

development of chemical grouts that have particles that

are 10 to 15 nm in diameter. Grouts have been

1-6. Special Requirements for Chemical Grouts

a. General. In the selection of a grout for a particu-

lar application, certain chemical and mechanical proper-

ties should be evaluated. These include viscosity,

durability, and strength. The following paragraphs serve

to point out some of the more significant properties of

grouts and grouted materials; however, these are not

definitive guidelines for engineering design. In many

1-1

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