Literatura:
1. Małysz Jerzy, 2008, Bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe strategiczną potrzebą ludzkości
s 13.
2. Perspectives in World Food and Agriculture 2004, Scanes C.G., Miranowksi J.A. (red):
(nie mam)
3. FAO State of Food and Agriculture 2007. Str.140 RYSUNEK 18.
4. http://www.fao.org/about/mission-gov/en/
Mission, constitution and governance
Achieving food security for all is at the heart of FAO's efforts - to make sure people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives. FAO's mandate is to raise levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural populations and contribute to the growth of the world economy. FAO provides the kind of behind-the-scenes assistance that helps people and nations help themselves. If a community wants to increase crop yields but lacks the technical skills, we introduce simple, sustainable tools and techniques. When a country shifts from state to private land ownership, we provide the legal advice to smooth the way. When a drought pushes already vulnerable groups to the point of famine, we mobilize action. And in a complex world of competing needs, we provide a neutral meeting place and the background knowledge needed to reach consensus.
FAO is governed by the Conference of Member Nations, which meets every two years to review the work carried out by the Organization and approve a Programme of Work and Budget for the next biennium. The Conference elects a Council of 49 Member Nations to act as an interim governing body. Members serve three-year, rotating terms. The Conference also elects the Director-General to head the agency. The current Director-General, Dr Jacques Diouf, of Senegal, began a six-year term in January 1994, was re-elected to a second term which began in January 2000, and a third term beginning of January 2006.FAO is composed of eight departments: Agriculture and Consumer Protection; Economic and Social Development ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forestry; Human, Financial and Physical Resources; Knowledge and Communication; Natural Resources Management and Environment and Technical Cooperation. FAO’s Regular Programme budget is funded by its members, through contributions set at the FAO Conference. The FAO budget for the biennium 2008-2009 is US$929.8 million, adjusted to the Euro/US dollar exchange rate fixed by the FAO Conference. The budget covers core technical work, cooperation and partnerships including the Technical Cooperation Programme, information and general policy, direction and administration.
In 2007, US$505 million paid for 1615 active field programme projects, of which 520 were emergency operations amounting to US$250 million across all funding sources and accounting for 49.5 percent of total delivery. The technical cooperation field programme amounted to US$255 million, of which FAO contributed 10.7 percent with the remainder coming from outside sources: Trust Funds – 72.0 percent, unilateral trust funds – 15.9 percent, and the United Nations Development Programme – 1.4 percent.
Since 1994, FAO has undergone the most significant restructuring since its founding to decentralize operations, streamline procedures and reduce costs. Highlights of the reforms include:
· the transfer of staff from headquarters to the field
· increased use of experts from developing countries and countries in transition
· broadened links with the private sector and non-governmental organizations
· greater electronic access to FAO statistical databases and documents
In 1999, the Conference approved a Strategic Framework to guide FAO's work until the year 2015. It was developed through extensive consultations with member nations and other FAO stakeholders and provides the authoritative framework for the Organization's future programmes. Reform is a continuous process at FAO. In 2005-06, Member Governments approved the transfer of still more staff from Headquarters to the decentralized offices, as well as measures for significant new efficiency gains and reorganization at headquarters.
FAO employs more than 3 600 staff members - about 1600 professional and 2 000 general service staff - and currently maintains five regional offices, nine subregional offices, five liaison offices and 74 fully-fledged country offices (excluding those hosted in Regional and Subregional Offices), in addition to its headquarters in Rome.
5. Perspectives in World Food and Agriculture 2004, Scanes C.G., Miranowksi J.A. (red):
Str. 4. (nie mam)
6. Schulz M., 2004, Introduction, Food and Nutririon Security in the Process of Globalization and Urbanization. str.14 (nie mam)
7. Małysz Jerzy, 2008, Bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe strategiczną potrzebą ludzkości str 15-17
8. Food Security 1984. (Małysz str 85 ) - Strona 10
9. Vanzetti D., Wynen E., 2004, The „multifuncionality” of agriculture and its implication for policy, Agriculture and the WTO, Creating a trading system for development, - strona 11.
Agriculture and Food Security Food security is
an issue normally associated with developing coun-
tries where food supplies are inadequate because of
low production or inability to import and distribute
adequate amounts.
6
Perhaps somewhat surprisingly,
food security is also an issue in developed countries
that can readily afford to import much of the food
they consume. Japan, the Republic of Korea, and
Norway, for example, claim to be concerned that
their supplies of imports may be disrupted because
of wars, embargoes, price shocks, and perhaps,
natural disasters.
Food security can be defined as a situation in
which “all households have both physical and eco-
nomic access to adequate food for all members, and
where households are not at risk of losing such
access” (FAO 1996). At the global level, food secu-
rity is obviously a distributional issue. In spite of
some 800 million malnourished individuals, there
is enough grain produced to feed all the people in
the world, as well as livestock. Furthermore, poli-
cies such as production quotas, schemes to set aside
productive land, and taxes are in place in many
countries to limit production
10. Paarlberg R.L., The weak link between world food markets and world food security, Food Policy, 25/2000. s 327
11. Andre G., Beckman B., 1985, The Wheat trap. Bread and underdevelopment in Nigeria s 1-40 (nie mam)
12. Unnevehr L.J., 2003, Food Safety in Food Security nad Food Trade, Food Safety in Food Security nad Food Trade.
Food safety is receiving heightened attention worldwide as
the important links between food and health are increas-
ingly recognized. Improving food safety is an essential element
of improving food security, which exists when populations have
access to sufficient and healthy food. At the same time, as
food trade expands throughout the world, food safety has
become a shared concern among both developed and develop-
ing countries. Governments in many countries have estab-
lished new institutions, standards, and methods for regulating
food safety and have increased investments in hazard control.
This set of policy briefs describes how developing countries
are addressing food safety issues in order to improve both
food security and food trade, and discusses the risks, benefits,
and costs when such policies are implemented.
13. Michna W.,1987, Polityka wyżywieniowa wobec skażenia żywności, Wieś współczesna 1987 nr 1 (nie mam) - strona 13
14. Cybulska B., 1987, Żywienie a profilaktyka, Ważniejsze zagadnienia z zakresu wpływu żywienia na na choroby cywilizacyjne, (nie mam)
15. Doll R., Peto R.,1981, The cause of cancers quarantine estimates of avoidable risk of cancer in the United States today, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, nr 10, (fragmenty)
http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/benchmarks-vol4-issue3/page1
The Majority of Cancers Are Linked to the Environment
Get Printable Version
Reported by Nancy NelsonJune 17, 2004
One of the hopeful messages from cancer research is that most of the cases of cancer are linked to environmental causes and, in principle, can be prevented. Together, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences have recently published a new booklet titled "Cancer and the Environment," which focuses on the agents in the environment that cause cancer and what we can do to lower our cancer risk. Environmental causes include both lifestyle factors such as smoking and diet, as well as exposure to agents in the air and water. The following interview with Aaron Blair, Ph.D., the chief of the Occupational Epidemiology Branch in NCI's Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, will address the contribution of various agents to our overall cancer burden.
As far back as the 1960s, several studies have concluded that by acting on what we know about the causes of cancer, we could prevent the majority of cancers. Some reports even estimate that we could reduce the incidence of cancer by as much as 80-90 percent. What is your reaction to these assessments? (...)
It is estimated that there are over 100,000 chemicals commonly used by Americans in household cleaners, solvents, pesticides, food additives, lawn care, and other products. And every year, another 1,000 or so are introduced. However, our National Toxicology Program only tests between 5-20 suspected carcinogens every year. For some people, our ignorance about most of the products in the environment is alarming; others are encouraged by the benefits that have already been demonstrated from the control of known causes of cancer. What is your reaction to these statistics?
Our ability to identify hazardous chemicals in the environment is better than these numbers suggest. There is actually a pyramid effect here. It's true that not many bioassays are done every year - these cost millions of dollars to do and take a long time. But there are many experimental steps undertaken prior to launching bioassays that help identify the chemicals or classes of chemicals that have the best chance of being a health problem. The bioassays are, therefore, only carried out on chemicals that have already gone through a number of tests that indicate that we ought to be concerned about them. It is correct that many chemicals have not been put through a standard bioassay, but they are usually the ones for which there are no other data to suggest they might be hazardous. So I think we're doing a lot better than the numbers would suggest. Of course, there will be some that we miss. For example, some substance may not cause genetic alterations -- one of the laboratory tests we use to screen for possible cancer-causing substances -- but may cause cancer through some immune system activity. So, it will test negative and would not be considered as a candidate for a bioassay. However, another reassuring observation is that many substances that we suspected would cause cancer in animals actually do not. Of course, it is possible that they do cause cancer in humans, but, in fact, our experience has shown us that most of the chemicals we have tested don't cause cancer.
_______________
Proportion of cancer deaths caused by different avoidable cancers
Causes
Percent 1981(US)*
Percent 1998(UK)**
Tobacco
25-40
29-31
Diet
10-70
20-50
Medicines
0.3-1.5
<1
Infection: parasites, bacteria, viruses
10 best estimate
10-20
Ionizing and UV light
2-4
5-7
Occupation
2-8
Pollution: air, water, food
<1-5
1-5
Physical inactivity
1-2
*Doll R and Peto R. The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1981;66:1191-1308.
**Doll R. Epidemiological evidence of the effects of behavior and the environment on the risk of human cancer. Recent Results in Cancer Research 1998;154:3-21.
16. Małysz Jerzy, 2008, Bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe strategiczną potrzebą ludzkości s. 165
17. Sarris A.H., Taylor L., 1978, Cereal Stocks, Food Aid and Food Security for the Poor, The New International Economic (nie mam)
18. Walters H., Difficult issues underlying food problems, „Sience”, 9.05.1975 vol 188 nr 4188 (1 strona)
19. Approaches to world security. Selected working papers of the Commodities nad Trade Division, seria: FAO Economic and Social Development Papers, nr 32 Rome 1983. str. 36.
20. Food Aid and Food Security, Pas Performance and Future Potential, seria FAO Economic and Social Development Paper, nr 55, Rome 1985. str 7.
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