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UFC 3-440-01

14 June 2002

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

DESIGN: ACTIVE SOLAR PREHEAT

SYSTEMS

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

UFC 3-440-01

14 June 2002

UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC)

DESIGN: ACTIVE SOLAR PREHEAT SYSTEMS

Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use.

Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the copyright

holder.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (Preparing Activity)

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND

AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER SUPPORT AGENCY

Record of Changes (changes are indicated by \1\ …/1/)

Change No. Date

Location

UFC 3-440-01

14 June 2002

FOREWORD

The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and

provides planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance criteria, and

applies to the Military Departs, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in

accordance with USD (AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for

all DoD projects and work for other customers where appropriate.

UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made

available to users as part of the Services’ responsibility for providing technical criteria

for military construction. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (HQUSACE),

Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and Air Force Civil Engineer

Support Agency (AFCESA) are responsible for administration of the UFC system.

Defense agencies should contact the preparing service for document interpretation and

improvements. Technical content of UFC is the responsibility of the cognizant DoD

working group. Recommended changes with supporting rationale should be sent to the

respective service proponent office by the following electronic form: Criteria Change

Request (CCR) . The form is also accessible from the Internet sites listed below.

UFC are effective upon issuance and are distributed only in electronic media from the

following sources:

Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) Index http://65.204.17.188/report/doc_ufc.html

USACE TECHINFO Internet site http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/index.htm .

NAVFAC Engineering Innovation and Criteria Office Internet site

http://criteria.navfac.navy.mil/ .

Construction Criteria Base (CCB) system maintained by the National Institute of

Building Sciences at Internet site http://www.nibs.org/ccb .

Hard copies of UFC printed from electronic media should be checked against the

current electronic version prior to use to assure that they are current.

AUTHORIZED BY:

__________________________________

Dwight A. Beranek, P.E.

Chief, Engineering and Construction Division

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

__________________________________

Dr. James W. Wright, P.E.

Chief Engineer and

Naval Facilities Engineering Command

__________________________________

Kathleen I. Ferguson, P.E.

The Deputy Civil Engineer

DCS/Installations & Logistics

Department of the Air Force

__________________________________

Frank Lane

Director of Analysis & Investment

Deputy Under Secretary of Defense

for Installations and Environment

Department of Defense

UFC 3-440-01

14 June 2002

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION

1-1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE ........................................................... 1-1

1-2 APPLICABILITY. ....................................................................... 1-1

1-3 REFERENCES ..........................................................................1-1

1-4 ADDITIONALRESOURCES .....................................................1-1

REQUIREMENTS

2-1 INTRODUCTION. ...................................................................... 2-1

2-2 ECONOMIC EVALUATION ....................................................... 2-1

2-2.1 Screening Tool. ...................................................................... 2-1

2-2.2 Detailed Analysis and Study ................................................... 2-1

2-3 FEASIBILITY DISCUSSION ...................................................... 2-2

2-3.1 System Selection. ................................................................... 2-2

2-3.2 Summary. ...............................................................................2-2

2.4 FUNDING ...................................................................................2-2

SYSTEM SELECTION, PLANNING, AND COORDINATION

3-1 INTRODUCTION. ...................................................................... 3-1

3-2 STANDARD SYSTEM TYPES. ................................................. 3-1

3-2.1 Closed-Loop System .............................................................. 3-1

3-2.2 Direct Circulation System ....................................................... 3-3

3-3 SYSTEM SELECTION. ............................................................. 3-4

3-4 SYSTEM LAYOUT .................................................................... 3-4

3-4.1 Collector Sub-System ............................................................. 3-4

3-4.2 Storage Sub-System............................................................. 3-10

3-4.3 Transport Sub-System.......................................................... 3-11

3-4.4 Control Sub-System.............................................................. 3-11

3-5 COORDINATION..................................................................... 3-12

3-5.1 Architect................................................................................ 3-12

3-5.2 Structural Engineer ............................................................... 3-13

SYSTEM DESIGN

4-1 INTRODUCTION. ...................................................................... 4-1

4-2 COLLECTOR SUB-SYSTEM .................................................... 4-1

4-2.1 Collector Specification ............................................................ 4-1

4-2.2 Collector Sub-System Piping and Layout ............................... 4-3

4-3 STORAGE SUB-SYSTEM....................................................... 4-13

4-3.1 Storage Tank Construction ................................................... 4-13

4-3.2 Storage Tank Sizing ............................................................. 4-14

4-3.3 Storage Sub-System Flow Rate ........................................... 4-14

4-4 TRANSPORT SUB-SYSTEM .................................................. 4-15

4-4.1 Transport Sub-System Design.............................................. 4-15

4-4.2 Transport Sub-System Checklist .......................................... 4-21

Paragraph

UFC 3-440-01

14 June 2002

4-5 CONTROL SUB-SYSTEM....................................................... 4-22

4-5.1 Differential Temperature Control Unit (DTC) ........................ 4-22

4-5.2 Temperature Sensors and Locations ................................... 4-23

4-5.3 Monitoring Equipment...........................................................4-24

4-6 SAFETYFEATURES..............................................................4-25

4-6.1 Fall Protection .....................................................................4-25

4-6.2 Equipment Lockout and Disconnect ...................................4-25

4-7 CASE STUDY .........................................................................4-25

APPENDIX A REFERENCES .................................................................................. A-1

APPENDIX B HOT WATER LOAD ESTIMATIONS ................................................. B-1

APPENDIX C WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS........................................................... C-1

APPENDIX D EXAMPLE DESIGN CHECKLIST ...................................................... D-1

APPENDIX E EXAMPLE DRAWINGS CHECKLIST ................................................ E-1

APPENDIX F SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS ..................................F-1

APPENDIX G SOLAR ENERGY CASE STUDY AT FORT HUACHUCA, AZ .......... G-1

FIGURES

Figure

Title

Figure 3-1. Closed-Loop Antifreeze System................................................................3-2

Figure 3-2. Direct Circulation System ..........................................................................3-3

Figure 3-3. System Selection Flowchart ......................................................................3-5

Figure 3-4. Flat-Plate Collector....................................................................................3-6

Figure 3-5. Minimum Collector Row Spacing ..............................................................3-8

Figure 3-6. Possible Array Configurations and Area .................................................3-10

Figure 4-1. Collector Manifold Types...........................................................................4-2

Figure 4-2. Collector Array Terminology......................................................................4-4

Figure 4-3. Reverse-Return Versus Direct- Return Piping Strategies .........................4-6

Figure 4-4. Steps in Developing a Reverse Return Piping Layout...............................4-7

Figure 4-5. Examples of Reverse-Return Piping .........................................................4-8

Figure 4-6. Manifold Sizing Example .........................................................................4-11

Figure 4-7. Manifold Sizing Example (Metric)............................................................4-12

Figure 4-8. Thermal Expansion Versus Temperature Differential for Copper Pipe ...4-14

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