Anatomy And Massage Course Notes.pdf

Basic Massage Course

Elementary Tutorial Notes

The Reade College

of Natural Therapies.

DEFINITION OF ANATOMY

• Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. For example, where is the heart situated

and what is its shape and weight?

DEFINITION OF PHYSIOLOGY

• Physiology is the study of the functions of that structure. For example what is the purpose of

the heart?

In our studies for the examination, we refer to eight systems of the body, although there are in

fact many other systems that need not concern us. These systems are so divided to make it

easier to study the working of the body as a whole.

Our Eight systems are as follows:

THE FOUR MAJOR SYSTEMS.

(so called because they are the systems which can be most easily affected by the practice of

the Physical Therapist.)

1. Skeletal System.

2. Muscular System.

3. Neurological or Nervous System.

4. Vascular or Circulatory System. (Inc. the Lymphatic System).

THE FOUR MINOR SYSTEMS.

1. The Digestive System.

2. The Respiratory System.

3. The Genito-Urinary System (Inc. the Reproductive and Kidney Systems).

4. The Endocrine System or (Ductless Glands).

MASSAGE MOVEMENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS:

Learn thoroughly. These are an abbreviated form of the selection on the Theory of

Massage see pages F1 – F5.

1. EFFLEURAGE: Stroking movements towards the heart to improve circulation and relax

client. Causes blood to move faster. Precedes and succeeds all other movements.

2. PÉTRISSAGE: Muscles gripped between the fingers and thumb, lifted from the bone and

squeezed, to release toxins and waste products.

3. STROKING: For its reflex action upon the nervous system, to soothe the client.

4. KNEADING: Alternate compression and relaxation of the soft tissue to improve nutrition

of the treated part - perhaps with a rolling action or a waving motion.

5. FRICTIONS: Small circular movements performed with the tips of the fingers or similar.

Its purpose is to break up the products of inflammation in order to further their absorption.

6. TAPOTEMENT: Including hacking, cupping, beating and pounding. Quick light blows

with the hands, as instructed, to excite capillary circulation, stimulate cutaneous nerves and

cause muscle contractions.

7. VIBRATIONS: May be soothing or stimulating. Rapid contraction and relaxation of the

muscles of the forearm, either through the flat of the hand or finger tips maybe static or

moving. Shaking is a form of course vibration.

Basic Massage Course

Elementary Tutorial Notes

The Reade College

of Natural Therapies.

CONTRA INDICATIONS LEARN THOROUGHLY. --

When not to employ massage therapy for medical reasons. Always refer to a medical

practitioner if in any doubt.

♦ Any Cardiovascular Condition, Inc. thrombosis, phlebitis, angina pectoris, hypertension,

hypotension, varicose veins. (If you are unsure refer to your teacher for definitions of these

terms).

♦ Over Contagious or Infectious skin diseases, varicose veins.

♦ Over the abdomen during pregnancy (except with medical advice).

♦ Over the abdomen during first two or three days of menstruation.

♦ Any other areas of unexplained inflammation, unrecognised lumps or bumps.

♦ Any condition being treated by a medical practitioner -- unless they first agree.

♦ Refer to your teacher for precautions to be taken regarding AIDS.

♦ In cases of Diabetes it is best to refer to your patients doctor.

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY --- ELEMENTARY.

Students are required to learn the positions of the following muscles.

BACK &

Trapezius

External Oblique

SHOULDER .

Latissimus Dorsi Spinatus Erectus

Deltoid

The Gluteals

CHEST.

The Pectorals

ABDOMEN .

Abdominus Transversalis

Abdominus Rectus

NECK

Sterno-Cleido-Mastoid

UPPER ARM

Biceps, Triceps

Brachialis Anticus

LOWER ARM

Pronator Radii Teres

Supinator Longus

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Flexor Sublimis Digitorum

UPPER LEG

Vastus Internus Sartorius

Adductor Magnus Biceps Femoris

Semi-Tendinosus Semi-Membranosus ( Hamstrings )

LOWER LEG .

Gastrocnemius

Tibialis Anticus

Soleus

Tendon of Achilles

Vastus Externus Gracilis

Basic Massage Course

Elementary Tutorial Notes

The Reade College

of Natural Therapies.

DEFINITION OF A MUSCLE

A muscle consists of a number of elastic fibres in bundles, which are bound together by a thick

band contained in a sheath. The sheath is extended at the ends to form tendons that fasten

the muscles to the bones. There are two main types of muscle, voluntary and involuntary .

Voluntary are the walking, running muscles etc., and are under conscious control. Involuntary

muscles are involved in movements of the heart, digestive system, breathing etc and are under

control of the subconscious mind.

♦ An EXTENSOR MUSCLE extends a limb.

♦ A FLEXOR flexes a limb.

♦ An ABDUCTOR takes the muscle away from the Median line . (Imaginary line running

through the centre of the body and making it easier to refer to anatomical parts accurately.)

♦ An ADDUCTOR bends a limb towards the Median line.

♦ A SUPINATOR turns a limb to face outwards.

♦ A PRONATOR turns a limb to face downwards.

♦ A SPHINCTER closes an orifice.

♦ A ROTATOR rotates a limb.

NOTES ON SKELETAL SYSTEM .

There are approximately 206 bones in the adult Skeletal System. The longest and strongest is

the Femur and its weakest point is the neck of the Femur. The Clavicle is particularly

vulnerable to injury because of its position.

Articulation

Ball & Socket

femur/pelvis

(or joints)

Full Hinge

femur/tibia/fibula

Partial Hinge

humorous/radius/ulna

Sliding

radius/ulna

Deformations

Kyphosis

Exaggerated outward curvature of

of the spine

the spine in the Thoracic region.

Lordosis

Exaggerated inward curvature of

the spine in the Lumbar region.

Scoliosis

Lateral curvature of the spine.

NAMES OF THE BONES (to be learned thoroughly)

TRUNK

Ribs:

12 pairs (7 pairs are true, 5 pairs are

false, of which 2 pairs are floating.)

Clavicle:

Collar bone

Scapula:

Shoulder blade

Sternum:

Breast Bone

Spinal column

7 cervical vertebrae

(total 33)

12 thoracic vertebrae

5 lumbar

5 sacral fixed vertebrae

4 coccygeal fixed vertebrae

Pelvis

Illium, Ishium, and Pubis.

Basic Massage Course

Elementary Tutorial Notes

The Reade College

of Natural Therapies.

ARMS

Humerus

Upper arm

Radius

Forearm

Ulna

Forearm

8 carpal bones

Wrist

5 metacarpal bones

Hand

14 phalanges

Fingers

LEGS

Femur

Thigh

Patella

Kneecap

Tibia

Shin bone

Fibula

Brooch bone

7 Tarsal bones

Ankle

5 Metatarsal bones

Foot

14 Phalanges

Toes

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. This system is part of the circulatory or vascular

system. It is intertwined with blood circulation. The basic material of the system is Lymph,

which is the term given to plasma after it has been exuded from the capillaries.

Lymph fluid brings nourishment to the cells and drains away the waste products. The fluid is

drained off by tiny lymphatic vessels, which join up with the larger lymph vessels, the latter

being supplied with valves in much the same manner as veins. Situated along the route back

to the heart there are more concentrated areas known as Lymph Nodes, these filter the lymph

as it passes through them and so prevents infection reaching the bloodstream.

All Lymph passes into the two principal lymph vessels The Thoracic Duct and The Right

Lymphatic Duct.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MASSAGE MOVEMENTS ON THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.

By the use of manipulations, such as effleurage and kneading, lymphatic circulation is

accelerated. Kneading squeezes lymph from the lymph spaces and deep effleurage passes it

along to the nearest lymph glands, following which fresh lymph exudes through the capillary

walls bringing nourishment and removing waste products.

In a person of normal health lymphatic circulation is maintained by the pressure of contracting

muscles. (There is no pumping action, as is the case with those vessels powered by the heart -

arteries and veins.) This process is dependent upon the person taking a reasonable amount of

exercise. Though all movements will initiate it to some extent, the process is more efficient

when the person carries out a normal amount of walking and stretching. This explanation will

help you to understand why even a young person, who is temporarily bed bound, looks grey

and ill after a short while, despite the fact that, but for their specific injury or illness, they may

otherwise be perfectly healthy.

In the case of anyone suffering from illness and injury, or unable to move his/her limbs

normally, the exuded lymph may remain in the tissues and so cause oedema (swelling) or

lymphatosis (stagnation of the lymph fluids). In these cases the masseur can help

considerably by removing these fluids mechanically, either by ‘hands-on’ technique, or with the

aid of electro-medical apparatus, such as gyrator, vacuusager or a faradic machine.

THE HEART: THE VASCULAR SYSTEM.

Basic Massage Course

Elementary Tutorial Notes

The Reade College

of Natural Therapies.

Refer to diagram of heart in the appendices. (Diagram 3).

COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD .

Blood has four principle constituents: Plasma, Erythrocytes, Leucocytes and Platelets.

1. Plasma : Provides the liquid basis.

2. Erythrocytes : (Red corpuscles) carry food and oxygen to all parts of the body and absorb

waste products on their way back.

3. Leucocytes : (Also known as phagocytes) are the protectors of the body against

infection. When the body is infected the leucocytes increase rapidly.

4. Platelets :

(Also known as Thrombocytes). These are needed for coagulation or

clotting.

SOME DISEASES OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM.

• ANAEMIA (also Pernicious Anaemia)

• LEUKAEMIA

• HAEMOPHILIA

• ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

• ATHEROSCLEROSIS

• VARICOSITY (pooling of in varicose veins)

THE NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM.

The Three main Parts of the Brain :

1. Cerebrum: - records the sensations of smell, taste etc. Called the grey matter. The

function of the cerebrum is to control voluntary movement, to receive and interpret

conscious sensations. It is the seat of higher functions, such as the senses, memory,

reasoning, intelligence and moral sense.

2. Cerebellum: - the function of the cerebellum is to control muscular co-ordination and

balance.

3. Medulla Oblongata : - the function of the Medulla Oblongata is to act as the link between

the brain and the central nervous system of the body. It is also the centre of those parts of

the automatic nervous system, which control the heart, lungs and digestion etc.

SOME DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM .

• NEURITIS

A blanket term for a group of nervous problems.

• SCIATICA

Inflammation of the great sciatic nerve.

• NEURALGIA:

A painful condition in a nerve caused by irritation exposure or

inflammation.

• NEUROMA

Cancer of the nerve sheaf.

THE THEORY OF MASSAGE.

The following terms are used in massage:

• Effleurage

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