Gramatica Català.pdf

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GUIA DE CONVERSA 99(2)
GRAMMAR
ena
ALPHABET
Aa a
Bb be
Cc e
Dd de
Ee e
F f efa
Gg ge
H h hac
Ii i
J j jota
Kk ca
L l ela
M m ema
N n ena
Oo o
Pp pe
Qq cu
R r erra
S s essa
Tt e
Uu u
V v ve baixa
W w ve doble
X x
ics
Y y
i grega
Z z
zeta
211
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GRAMMAR
SPELLING AND SOUND CORRESPONDENCE
VOWELS
EXAMPLE
POSITION
SOUND
ENGLISH SOUND
p a
Stressed syllable
[a]
s a t, b a d
dem à
Stressed syllable
[a]
s a t, b a d
don a
Unstressed syllable
[@]
el e ment, inf a nt
hom e
Unstressed syllable
[@]
el e ment, inf a nt
tr e n
Stressed syllable
[E]
s a id, r e d
tel è fon
Stressed syllable
[E]
s a id, r e d
m e u
Stressed syllable
[e]
th e re, p ea r
m é s
Stressed syllable
[e]
th e re, p ea r
m i l
[i]
th ie f, s ee
no i a
between vowels
[j]
y es, Y ork
n o u
Stressed syllable
[O]
c o ffe, sh o ne
arr ò s
Stressed syllable
[O]
c o ffe, sh o ne
d o s
Stressed syllable
[o]
f ou r, m o re
cami ó
Stressed syllable
[o]
f ou r, m o re
pens o
Unstressed syllable
[u]
f oo l, m oo n
u ngla
[u]
f oo l, m oo n
ca u en
between vowels
[w]
w ithout
CONSONANTS
b arca
[b]
b eer, b oth
tu b
end of word
[p]
ti p , p late
c asa
ca, co, cu
[k]
c ar, k idnap
lla c
end of word
[k]
c ar, k idnap
c el
ce, ci
[s]
s afe, ob s cure
a cc ió
[ks]
a cc ent
ca ç ar
ça, ço, çu
[s]
s afe, ob s cure
lla ç
end of word
[s]
s afe, ob s cure
d it
[d]
d warf
fre d
end of word
[t]
fla t
f oc
[f]
f ine
g at
ga, go, gu
[g]
g ive, g love
psicòle g
end of word
[k]
c ar, k idnap
bo ig
end of word digraph
[tS]
ca tch
g erro
ge, gi
[Z]
vi s ion
gu erra
gue, gui
[g]
g ive, g love
212
ai gü es
güe, güi
[gw]
Gw endoline
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GRAMÀTICA
EXAMPLE
POSITION
SOUND
ENGLISH SOUND
h ora
always silent
[ ]
j ugar
[Z]
vi s ion
K afka
[k]
c ar, k idnap
l àser
[l]
l ong
co l·l egi
[l]
para ll el
ll apis
[´]
similar to mi lli on
m oble
[m]
m usic
n oia
[n]
n ever
ca ny a
digraph
[ø]
similar to o ni on
p are
[p]
p late
q uatre
[kw]
qu iet
qu ilo
que, qui
[k]
c ar, k idnap
qü estió
qüe, qüi
[kw]
qu iet
r osa
beginning of the word
[rr]
strongly trilled r
ca r a
between vowels
[r]
trilled r
en r ere
after consonant
[rr]
strongly trilled r
ca rr er
between vowels
[rr]
strongly trilled r
ana r
often silent
[ ]
s ol
beginning of word
[s]
s afe, ob s cure
pen s ar
after consonant
[s]
s afe, ob s cure
co s a
between vowels
[z]
pre s erve
pa ss ar
between vowels
[s]
s afe, ob s cure
t aula
[t]
t able
cen t
silent
[ ]
mol t
silent
[ ]
v ida
[b]
b eer
W agner
[b]
b eer
w hisky
[w]
w hisky
x icot
at the beginning
[S]
ca sh ier
ca ix a
digraph
[S]
ca sh ier
co tx e
[tS]
ca tch
ta x i
[ks]
a cc ent
e x amen
[gz]
e x am
Y ork
[j]
y es, Y ork
ca ny a
digraph
[ø]
similar to o ni on
z ero
[z]
pre s erve
213
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GRAMMAR
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Masculine / singular
el
the
un
a
Before a vowel or h
l’
the
Femenine / singular
la
the
una
a
Before a vowel or h
l’
the
Masculine / plural
els
the
uns
some
Femenine / plural
les
the
unes
some
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
Near
aquest, aquesta, aquests, aquestes,
això
this, these,
this
Far
aquell, aquella, aquells, aquelles,
allò
that, those,
that
THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
One owner
el meu, la meva, els meus, les meves,
el teu, la teva, els teus, les teves,
el seu, la seva, els seus, les seves
my/mine,
your/yours,
its, his, her/hers
More than
one owner
el nostre, la nostra, els nostres, les nostres,
el vostre, la vostra, els vostres, les vostres,
el seu, la seva, els seus, les seves
our/ours,
your/yours,
their/theirs
QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES
Invariable
massa
força
prou
més
menys
too
many or very
enough
more
less
Variable
quant, quanta, quants, quantes
tant, tanta, tants, tantes
molt, molta, molts, moltes
poc, poca, pocs, poques
bastant, bastants
gaire, gaires
how much, how many
so much, so many
many, much
few
plenty of
not so many, not so much
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GRAMÀTICA
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES
algun, alguna, alguns, algunes, cada
cada un, cada una
cadascun, cadascuna
tot, tota, tots, totes
altre, altra, altres
tal, tals
qualsevol, qualssevol
mateix, mateixa, mateixos, mateixes
cert, certa, certs, certes
some, any
Before
a noun
each, every
all
another
such
any
same
some, a certain
Referring
to people
algú
ningú
cadascú
tothom
someone
nobody
each of us, you…,
everybody
Pronouns
Referring
to objects
alguna cosa
res
tot
something
nothing
everything
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES
Before
a noun
quin, quina, quins, quines
What / Which
Referring to people
qui
Who
Pronouns
Referring to people
què
Which
NUMBERS
1 u (un, una)
2 dos, dues
3 tres
4 quatre
5 cinc
6 sis
7 set
8 vuit
9 nou
10 deu
11 onze
12 dotze
13 tretze
14 catorze
15 quinze
16 setze
17 disset
18 divuit
19 dinou
20 vint
21 vint-i-u
22 vint-i-dos
23 vint-i-tres
30 trenta
31 trenta-u
34 trenta-quatre
39 trenta-nou
40 quaranta
45 quaranta-cinc
50 cinquanta
60 seixanta
70 setanta
80 vuitanta
90 noranta
100 cent
107 cent set
128 cent vint-i-vuit
176 cent setanta-sis
259 dos-cents cinquanta-nou
298 dos-cents noranta-vuit
733 set-cents trenta-tres
821 vuit-cents vint-i-u
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