ADSL Standards_Implementation_Architecture1999.pdf

ADSL: Standards, Implementation, and

Architecture

by Charles K. Summers

CRC Press, CRC Press LLC

ISBN: 084939595x Pub Date: 06/21/99

Introduction

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1—Analog and Digital Communication

1.1 Communication Forms

1.1.1 Analog

1.1.2 Digital Transmission Coding

1.2 Transmission Media

1.2.1 Copper Wiring

1.2.2 Other Transmission Media

1.3 Switching and Routing

1.3.1 Basics of Switching

1.3.2 Circuit-Switches and Packet-Switches

1.3.3 Routers

1.3.3.1 LANs and WANs

1.3.3.2 Functions of the Router

1.4 Multiplexing

1.5 Infrastructure Limits

1.5.1 Distance Limitations on Local Loops

1.5.2 Loading Coils

1.5.3 Repeaters, Amplifiers, and Line Extenders

1.5.4 Bridged Taps

1.5.5 Digital Loop Carriers (DLCs)

1.5.6 Summary

1.6 Bottlenecks

1.6.1 Host I/O Capacity

1.6.2 Access Line Capacity

1.6.3 Long-distance Line Capacity

1.6.4 Network Saturation

1.6.5 Server Access Line and Performance

1.6.6 Summary

Chapter 2—The xDSL Family of Protocols

2.1 From Digital to Analog

2.2 Digital Modems

2.3 The ITU-T, ADSL, and ISDN

2.4 ADSL Standardization

2.4.1 Standards Bodies

2.4.2 ADSL Standards Bodies

2.4.2.1 ADSL Forum and UAWG

2.4.2.2 ANSI

2.4.2.3 ETSI

2.4.2.4 ITU-T

2.5 The xDSL Family of Protocols

2.5.1 56K Modems

2.5.2 BRI ISDN (DSL)

2.5.2.1 Physical Layer

2.5.2.2 Switching Protocol

2.5.2.3 Data Protocols

2.5.3 IDSL

2.5.4 HDSL/HDSL2

2.5.4.1 Signaling Using Channel Associated Signaling

2.5.4.2 Signaling Using Primary Rate Interface ISDN

2.5.4.3 HDSL2 or SHDSL

2.5.5 SDSL

2.5.6 ADSL/RADSL

2.5.7 CDSL/ADSL “lite”

2.5.8 VDSL

2.6 Summary of the xDSL Family

Chapter 3—The ADSL Physical Layer Protocol

3.1 CAP/QAM

3.2 Discrete Multitone

3.3 ANSI T1.413

3.3.1 Bearer Channels

3.3.2 ADSL Superframe Structure

3.3.2.1 Fast Data and interleaved Data

3.3.2.2 Fast byte

3.3.2.3 Sync Byte and SC Bits

3.3.2.4 Indicator Bits

3.3.2.5 CRC Bits

3.3.3 Embedded Operations Control

3.4 ADSL “lite”

3.5 ATU-R Versus ATU-C

3.6 DSLAM Components

Chapter 4—Architectural Components for Implementation

4.1 The OSI Model

4.1.1 Layer 1 (Physical Layer)

4.1.2 Layer 2 (Data Link Layer)

4.1.3 Layer 3 (Network Layer)

4.1.4 Layer 4 (Transport Layer)

4.1.5 Upper Layers

4.1.6 Interlayer Primitives

4.1.7 Protocol Modularity

4.2 Hardware Components and Interactions

4.2.1 Interface Chip

4.2.2 Physical Layer Semiconductors

4.2.3 System Configuration Design

4.2.3.1 Host-Controlled Systems

4.2.3.2 Coprocessor Systems

4.2.3.3 Standalone Systems

4.3 Protocol Stack Considerations

4.3.1 Signaling

4.3.2 Interworking

4.3.3 Stack Combinations

4.4 Application Access

4.4.1 Host Access

4.4.2 Control Systems

Chapter 5—Hardware Access and Interactions

5.1 Semiconductor Access

5.1.1 Memory Maps

5.1.2 I/O Requests

5.1.3 Registers

5.1.4 Indirect Register Access

5.1.5 Data Movement

5.1.5.1 FIFOs

5.1.5.2 Buffer Descriptors

5.2 Low-Level Drivers

5.2.1 Primitive Interfaces

5.2.2 Interrupt Servicing and Command Handling

5.2.3 Synchronous and Asynchronous Messages

5.3 State Machines

5.3.1 States

5.3.2 Events

5.3.3 Actions

5.3.4 State Machine Specifications

5.3.5 Methods of Implementation

5.3.6 Example of a Simple State Machine

5.4 ADSL Chipset Interface Example

Chapter 6—Signaling, Routing, and Connectivity

6.1 Signaling Methods

6.1.1 Analog Devices

6.1.2 Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)

6.1.3 Q.921/Q.931 Variants

6.2 Routing Methods

6.2.1 Internet Protocol

6.2.2 Permanent Virtual Circuits

6.2.2.1 ATM Cells

6.2.2.2 Frame Relay

6.3 Signaling Within the DSLAM

Chapter 7—ATM Over ADSL

7.1 B-ISDN (ATM) History, Specifications, and Bearer Services

7.1.1 Broadband Bearer Services

7.1.2 Specific Interactive and Distribution Services

7.2 B-ISDN OSI Layers

7.3 ATM Physical Layer

7.4 ATM Layer

7.4.1 ATM Cell Formats

7.4.2 Virtual Paths and Virtual Channels

7.5 ATM Adaptation Layer

7.5.1 AAL Type 1

7.5.2 AAL Type 5

7.6 ATM Signaling

7.6.1 Lower Layer Access

7.6.2 General Signaling Architecture

7.6.2.1 User-Side States

7.6.2.2 Network-Side States

7.6.3 B-ISDN Message Set

7.6.4 Information Elements

7.7 Summary of ATM Signaling

7.8 System Network Architecture Group (SNAG)

Chapter 8—Frame Relay, TCP/IP, and Proprietary Protocols

8.1 Frame Relay

8.1.1 Frame Relay Data Link Layer

8.1.2 Link Access Protocol For Frame Relay

8.1.2.1 Address Field

8.1.2.2 Congestion Control

8.1.2.3 Control Field

8.1.3 Data Link Core Primitives

8.1.4 Network Layer Signaling for Frame Relay

8.1.5 Multi-Protocol Over Frame Relay

8.2 Internet Protocol

8.2.1 The Data Link Layer

8.2.2 IP Datagrams

8.3 Transmission Control Protocol

8.3.1 TCP Virtual Circuits

8.3.2 TCP Header Fields

8.3.3 TCP Features

8.4 Proprietary Protocol Requirements

8.4.1 Data Integrity

8.4.2 Data Identification

8.4.3 Data Acknowledgment

8.4.4 Data Recovery

8.4.5 Data Protocol

Chapter 9—Host Access

9.1 Ethernet

9.1.1 History

9.1.2 OSI Model Layer Equivalents

9.1.3 The Medium Access Control (MAC)

9.1.4 The Ethernet Frame

9.1.5 Physical Medium and Protocols

9.1.6 MAC Bridges

9.2 Universal Serial Bus

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