Cereal Biotechnology - Peter C. Morris , James H. Bryce.pdf - Biotechnology - annam101

Cereal biotechnology

Edited by

Peter C Morris and James H Bryce

Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited

Abington Hall, Abington

Cambridge CB1 6AH

England

Published in North and South America by CRC Press LLC

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Boca Raton FL 33431

USA

First published 2000, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC

2000, Woodhead Publishing Limited

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Details of these books and a complete list of Woodhead’s food science, technology

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Introduction

P. C. Morris and J. H. Bryce, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh

1.1 Cereals: an introduction

Cereals owe their English name to the Roman goddess Ceres, the giver of grain,

indicative of the antiquity and importance of cereals (Hill 1937). This

importance is still very much the case today; cereals of one sort or another

sustain the bulk of mankind’s basic nutritional needs, both directly and

indirectly as animal feed. It is primarily the grains of cereals that are useful to us,

although the vegetative parts of the plant may be used as fodder or for silage

production, and straw is used for animal bedding.

Cereals are members of the large monocotyledonous grass family, the

Gramineae . The flowering organs are carried on a stem called the rachis, which

may be branched, and in turn bears spikelets which may carry more than one

flower at each node of the rachilla (Fig. 1.1). The spikelets may be organised in a

loose panicle as in sorghum, oats and some millets, or in a tight spike, as in

wheat. The length of the internodes of the rachis and of the rachilla, and the

number of flowers at each node of the spikelet determine the overall

architecture. Each spikelet is subtended by two bracts or leaf-like organs

termed the glumes, and each flower in the spikelet is enclosed in two bract-like

organs called the lemma and palea. The lemma may be extended to form a long

awn. In some cereals or cereal varieties the lemma and palea may remain

attached to the grain; these are termed hulled or husked grains, such as oats and

most barleys, as opposed to naked grains such as most wheats and maize (Fig.

1.1).

The cereals, with the exception of maize, are dioecious. Each flower bears

both male organs; the three anthers (six in rice), and female organs; the ovary

which carries two feathery stigmas. In maize, the male flowers are borne in

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