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John Gribbin: White Holes
Contents
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INTRODUCTION:.......................................................................... 7
Astronomical Tigers and Sheep.................................................... 7
A New World Picture ............................................................... 10
PROLOGUE 1: Black Holes: A Figment of the Imagination? .............. 16
The Dynamics of Gravity........................................................... 18
How Stars Die......................................................................... 20
Time Perspectives.................................................................... 22
Evidence of Black Holes ........................................................... 27
The Potentials of Black Holes.................................................... 29
PROLOGUE 2: Before the Black Hole ............................................ 31
The Binary Embrace ................................................................ 32
Pulsars................................................................................... 36
At the Heart of Matter .............................................................. 38
Part I. Where Do We Come From? ................................................ 42
1 THE BIG BANG AND THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE ...................... 43
What the Dark Sky Means ........................................................ 43
The Steady State Alternatives .................................................... 49
From Our Point in Time ............................................................ 51
The Echo of Creation................................................................ 53
Other Universal Perspectives ..................................................... 54
White Holes: Cosmic Gushers in the Universe
4
The Range of Models ............................................................... 58
2 PERCEPTIONS FROM INSIDE THE BALLOON ............................. 62
The Problem of Measurement.................................................... 66
Red Shifts and Motion.............................................................. 70
Measuring Distance ................................................................. 72
The Quasar Problem ................................................................ 75
Quasars and the Family of Galaxies............................................ 79
Quasars and White Holes ......................................................... 85
3 GALACTIC GUSHERS ............................................................... 88
The Radiating Galaxies ............................................................. 89
A Challenge to Hubble.............................................................. 90
Galaxy Cores........................................................................... 93
Galactic Births ........................................................................ 96
The Clustering Model ............................................................. 100
The Option of Anticollapse ...................................................... 102
Part II. Where Are We Now? ...................................................... 107
4 OUR MILKY WAY GALAXY ...................................................... 108
Globular Clusters ................................................................... 110
The Big Flash Theory ............................................................. 112
Galactic Ejections .................................................................. 115
Spirals and Companions ......................................................... 119
Galactic Components ............................................................. 121
Star Formation ...................................................................... 123
Star Death............................................................................ 125
5 WHY SHOULD A WHITE HOLE GUSH? .................................... 129
Two-Component Theories ....................................................... 130
John Gribbin ElecBook
White Holes: Cosmic Gushers in the Universe
5
The White Hole and Universal Gushers..................................... 133
Black-Hole Explosions ............................................................ 136
Particle Creation and the Event Horizon.................................... 139
Black-Hole Masses—Large and Small ...................................... 141
Tree Trunks and Trousers ....................................................... 144
Hyperspace .......................................................................... 148
The Naked Singularity ............................................................ 152
6 THE EARTH AND THE UNIVERSE ........................................... 157
Links of Influence .................................................................. 160
Does Gravity Weaken?............................................................ 165
Static and Variable ................................................................ 167
Small and Large .................................................................... 170
Part III. Where Are We Going? .................................................... 174
7 SYMMETRY IN THE UNIVERSE 1: A Two-sided Balloon?............ 175
Universal Cycles .................................................................... 177
The Matter of Antimatter ........................................................ 182
Our Counterpart Under the Skin............................................... 185
Swifter Than Light ................................................................. 189
8 SYMMETRY IN THE UNIVERSE 2: A Repeating Bounce? ............ 196
The Necessary Curvature ........................................................ 198
The Evolutionary Path ............................................................ 199
The Means of Rejuvenation..................................................... 206
Avoiding the Cosmic Trap ....................................................... 210
EPILOGUE: Why Bother? ........................................................... 212
APPENDIX Is Our Sun a Normal Star? ......................................... 217
John Gribbin ElecBook
White Holes: Cosmic Gushers in the Universe
6
The Neutrino Puzzle............................................................... 221
Ice Ages and the Sun ............................................................. 224
GLOSSARY .............................................................................. 229
NOTES .................................................................................... 239
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................ 245
John Gribbin ElecBook
INTRODUCTION:
Astronomical Tigers and Sheep
hings are not as they seem in the jungle of our Universe. There,
where every shadow contains some mysterious tiger (not always
burning bright); astronomers must struggle with the inadequacy of
their senses, supported by the props of electronic equipment, to fathom
just what immortal hand or eye
did
shape the cosmos.
To most people (and to many astronomers still) the Universe seems
to be a glorious puzzle of more or less constant phenomena that can be
observed in turn until sufficient pieces are gathered and the overall
picture emerges. The stars and galaxies, for example, are simply
there,
waiting to be observed, changing little in the human world view. But
this simple approach is rapidly becoming out of date. The first
indications from relativity theory that everything is connected to
everything else—that the overall structure of the Universe is as im-
portant as the details—have now evolved into paradigms for a new
world view. But within this new framework the problems of explaining
simple observations loom almost as large as before.
Philosophers have long argued the question of how far man can trust
his senses. A tale is told of two men walking in the countryside who
observe some sheep grazing on a distant hill. “Ah,” says the first, “I see
those sheep have been sheared recently.” The other, more cautious, re-
plies, “It certainly seems so, from this side.” Real life experience tells us
T
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