TheBabylonianTalmudBook10- TheHistoryOfTheTalmud-Tr.ByMichaelL.Rodkinson1918.pdf

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The Babylonian Talmud
translated by MICHAEL L. RODKINSON
Book 10 (Vols. I and II)
[1918]
The History of the Talmud
Volume I: History of the Talmud
Title Page
Preface
Volume II: Historical and Literary Introduction to the New Edition of the
Talmud
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THE HISTORY OF THE TALMUD
from the Time of Its Formation, about 200 B. C., up to the Present Time
DIVIDED INTO TWO VOLUMES
VOLUME I.--ITS DEVELOPMENT AND THE PERSECUTIONS SINCE ITS
BIRTH UP TO DATE, INCLUDING ALL RELIGIOUS DISPUTES AND BRIEF
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE SEPARATED SECTS
VOLUME II.--THE HISTORICAL AND LITERARY INTRODUCTION TO THE
NEW EDITION: ETHICS, METHOD, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS CRITICISM, ETC.
BY
MICHAEL L. RODKINSON
Volume I. (XIX.)
BOSTON
THE TALMUD SOCIETY
1918
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scanned at sacred-texts.com, August 2002, J.B. Hare, redactor
p. ii
Copyright, 1903, BY
MICHAEL L. RODKINSON
COPYRIGHT 1916, BY
NEW TALMUD PUBLISHING
p. iii
TO HIM
WHO IS A LIBERAL DONOR TO ALL PHILANTHROPIC INSTITUTIONS
A FRIEND OF ISRAEL'S PUREST IDEALS, LITERATURE
AND RELIGION
ADOLPH LEWISOHN, ESQ.
THIS BOOK IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR
MICHAEL L. RODKINSON
NEW YORK, IN MONTH ELUL, SEPTEMBER 1ST. 1903
p. v
PREFACE.
THE ancient authors used to begin the prefaces to their works with the proverb " Sepher be
Lo Hakdamha kegnph be Lo nechamaha ," which means "A book without a preface is
similar to a body without a soul"; and, indeed, this proverb remains forever true. At the
time we began our translation of the Talmud, we were aware that to the study of it a clear
preface which should explain its nature and the character of the sages mentioned in it was
necessary, as without it there would be great difficulty for students in catching the real
meaning, and in some places the reader would be confused, not being aware of its history
and of the names mentioned--who these were and when they existed.
With this in mind, we had already prepared the present work in 1897, when only a few
volumes of our translation had been issued. Although we gave a brief general introduction
to the first volume of the translation, and also some prefaces and introductions in the
succeeding volumes, they do not suffice for the student who desires to have a clear idea of
all that he is studying.
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However, the translation has taken up so much of our time that it has hitherto been
impossible for us to look up everything pertinent to our purpose that has been written and
to submit it in presentable form. Now, after the completion, with the Divine help of the two
large sections, containing twenty-seven tracts, and in response to many inquiries from the
reading public for some explanations, we find that now is the time to put forth this work;
and, instead of adding two more volumes to the translation of the Talmud in the current
year, we have decided to furnish the two volumes which form our "History of the Talmud."
It may be inferred that what was written several years ago has had to be thoroughly revised
and corrected, according to the literature which has appeared since that time. There is an
p. vi
old witticism, " Koshe Atika Me Chadtha "; i.e. , "It is more difficult to correct an old thing
than to write a new one"; and, as a matter of fact, it has taken a great deal of time to make
the necessary changes and corrections in what we had written. As a natural consequence,
the work is enlarged, and many chapters have been added since the issue of our prospectus.
All this concerns the first volume of this work, as it relates to the history of the Talmud
only, as to which there has been little new information. True there have been some new
dissertations on the Talmud in Germany, but they do not add much to our knowledge
concerning it, and may therefore be ignored.
The second volume, however, we have had to recast and rewrite. In this labor the
wonderful work of that western light which was recently extinguished--we mean the Rev.
Dr. Mielziner--"Introduction to the Talmud," which has reached a second edition and has
been so favorably received by all students of both continents, was of great service to us. As
Dr. Mielziner's work contains essentially all that concerns the Talmud itself, we resolved to
take it as a text for our historical introduction, adding and abating as we deemed necessary.
We have done so, also, with the second part, "The Ethics of the Talmud," which he
arranged so admirably. Here, also, we have added whatever, according to our knowledge,
there was left for us to bring to the attention of the reader.
Now, the work being finished, we regard it as a suitable preface to our translation and one
which will enlighten the understanding of the reader in many places. At the same time, it
seems to us to be interesting to the general reader who has neither time nor inclination for
the study of the Talmud.
This is all we need say in the preface, referring the reader for more details to our
introduction, which follows.
THE AUTHOR.
NEW YORK, September , 1903.
p. vii
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.
PAGE
PREFACE
v
INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER I.
THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME "TALMUD." THE SAMARITANS.
ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES. THE SADDUCEES
5
CHAPTER II.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TALMUD DURING THE LAST
CENTURY OF THE SECOND TEMPLE'S EXISTENCE ( i.e. THE FIRST
A.C.) SHEMAIA. ABTALIAN. HILLEL. SHAMMAI. THE PRINCES
(NASIS) OF ISRAEL. R. JOHANAN B. ZAKKAL. SANHEDRIN OF
JAMNIA. THE JEWISH CHRISTIANS
7
CHAPTER III.
HE DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE. THE FALL OF BETHEL. THE
MASSACRE OF THE SAGES OF THE TALMUD, TILL THE WRITING
OF THE MISHNA IN THE BEGINNING OF THE THIRD CENTURY
10
CHAPTER IV.
THE THIRD CENTURY. THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE MISHNAS. THE
TALMUDIC COLLEGES OF PALESTINE AND BABYLONIA.
13
CHAPTER V.
THE TALMUD OF JERUSALEM, THE TALMUD OF BABYLONIA, THE
CHARACTER OF THEIR HALAKHA AND HAGADA, THE DATES OF
THEIR COMPLETION AND THEIR SYSTEMATIZATION
17
CHAPTER VI.
THE PERSECUTIONS OF THE TALMUD IN THE PERSIAN AND
BYZANTINE EMPIRES IN THE SIXTH CENTURY AFTER THE CLOSE
OF THE TALMUD
23
p. viii
CHAPTER VII.
PAGE
THE EIGHTH CENTURY. THE DOMINION OF THE GAONIM. THE
OPPOSITION OF THE KARAITES. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SECT
OF THAT NAME
25
CHAPTER VIII.
ISLAM AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE TALMUD
33
CHAPTER IX.
THE VICTORY OF KARAISM OVER THE SPIRITUAL DOMINION OF
THE TALMUD AND THE MIND OF THE JEWISH NATION. THE LAST
GAONIM AT SURA AND PUMBEDITHA. THE CENTRE OF TALMUDIC
STUDY TRANSFERRED FROM MESOPOTAMIA TO SPAIN, THE
SCHOLARS OF KAIRUBAN. THE PERIOD OF THE GREATEST
DIFFUSION OF TALMUDIC STUDY
36

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