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Server Load Balancing
Tony Bourke
O'REILLY'
Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Koln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo
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Server Load Balancing
by Tony Bourke
Copyright © 2001 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
Editor: Jim Sumser
Production Editor: Matt Hutchinson
Cover Designer: Emma Colby
Printing History:
August 2001:
First Edition.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered
trademarks of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Alteon WebOS, Foundry Serverlron, Cisco WebNS,
Cisco CSS, F5 Network's BIG-IP, and Arrowpoint are registered trademarks. Many of the
designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was
aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. The
association between the image of a jacana and the topic of server load balancing is a
trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes
no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the
information contained herein.
ISBN: 0-596-00050-2
[M]
Table of Contents
Preface
ix
I. Concepts and Theories of Server Load Balancing
1
1. Introduction to Server Load Balancing
3
In the Beginning
4
Evolution
7
Other Technologies
8
2. Concepts of Server Load Balancing
13
Networking Basics
13
Server Load Balancers
15
Redundancy
16
Provider Infrastructure
22
3. Anatomy of a Server Load Balancer
24
A Day in the Life of a Packet
25
Direct Server Return
27
Other SLB Methods
29
Under the Hood
30
4. Performance Metrics
....32
Connections Per Second
32
Total Concurrent Connections
33
Throughput
33
Traffic Profiles
34
The Wall .
. 36
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Table of Contents
II. Practice and Implementation of Server Load
Balancing ..................................................................... , ......................... 39
5. Introduction to Architecture ............................. . ................................ 41
Architectural Details ....................................................................................... 42
Infrastructure .................................................................................................. 46
Multipurpose Devices .................................................................................... 49
Cast of Characters .......................................................................................... 51
6. Flat-Based SLB Network Architecture ............................................. 54
Implementation .............................................................................................. 54
Traffic Flow .................................................................................................... 57
Flat-Based Setup ............................................................................................. 58
Security ........................................................................................................... 60
7. NAT-Based SLB Network Architecture ............................................. 62
Implementation .............................................................................................. 62
Traffic Flow .................................................................................................... 66
Network Configuration .................................................................................. 66
Security ........................................................................................................... 70
III. Configuring Server Load Balancers .................................... 73
8. Alteon WebSystems ................................................................................. 75
Introduction to the CLI .................................................................................. 76
Getting Started ................................................................................................ 78
Security ........................................................................................................... 81
Flat-Based SLB ................................................................................................ 84
NAT-Based SLB .............................................................................................. 90
Redundancy .................................................................................................... 95
Additional Features ........................................................................................ 98
9. Cisco's CSS (Formerly ArrowPoint) Configuration Guide ...... 99
Introduction to the CLI ............. ................................................................... 100
Getting Started .............................................................................................. 101
Security ......................................................................................................... 103
Flat-Based SLB .............................................................................................. 104
NAT-Based SLB ............................................................................................ 108
Redundancy .................................................................................................. 114
Syncing Configurations ................................................................................ 117

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