Linux Administration Made Easy.pdf

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Linux Administration Made Easy
by Steve Frampton, <frampton@ojichan.com>
Linux Administration Made Easy
by by Steve Frampton, <frampton@ojichan.com>
Published 09 October 1999
The “Linux Administration Made Easy” (LAME) guide attempts to describe
day-to-day administration and maintenance issues commonly faced by Linux system
administrators. Part of the Linux Documentation Project.
Table of Contents
1. Preface ........................................................................................................................6
1.1. Acknowledgements...........................................................................................6
1.2. Copyright Information and Legal Disclaimers .................................................6
1.3. A Plea for Help .................................................................................................7
2. Introduction................................................................................................................8
2.1. Scope ................................................................................................................8
2.2. Choosing a Linux Distribution .........................................................................8
3. Linux Overview........................................................................................................12
3.1. What is Linux?................................................................................................12
3.2. Breaking the Myths ........................................................................................13
3.3. One User’s Perspective ...................................................................................15
4. Installation and Hardware Configuration.............................................................18
4.1. Creating an Installation Diskette ....................................................................18
4.2. Booting Linux Installation Program ...............................................................19
4.3. Partitioning Hard Drive(s) ..............................................................................22
4.4. Setting up Swap Space....................................................................................28
4.5. Choosing Partitions to Format ........................................................................28
4.6. Choosing Desired Packages to Install.............................................................29
4.7. Hardware Configuration .................................................................................30
4.8. Booting with LILO .........................................................................................30
4.8.1. Multi-boot with Other Operating Systems ..........................................31
4.9. Downloading and Installing Red Hat Updates ...............................................32
5. Configuring the X Window System........................................................................34
5.1. Getting the X Window System Working with X-Configurator.......................34
5.2. Using the X Desktop Manager .......................................................................36
5.3. Improving Font Appearance Under X ............................................................37
5.4. Choosing a Window Manager for X ...............................................................38
5.5. GNOME Installation and Configuration.........................................................39
5.6. KDE Installation and Configuration ...............................................................40
6. General System Administration Issues ..................................................................42
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6.1. Root Account ..................................................................................................42
6.2. Creating User Accounts ..................................................................................42
6.3. Changing User Passwords ..............................................................................45
6.4. Disabling User Accounts ................................................................................45
6.5. Removing User Accounts ...............................................................................46
6.6. Linux Password & Shadow File Formats .......................................................47
6.7. System Shutdown and Restart ........................................................................49
7. Custom Configuration and Administration Issues ...............................................51
7.1. Web Server and HTTP Caching Proxy Administration ..................................51
7.2. Domain Name Server (DNS) Configuration and Administration...................52
7.3. Internet User Authentication with TACACS ..................................................58
7.4. Windows-style File and Print Services with Samba .......................................60
7.5. Macintosh-style File and Print Services with Netatalk ..................................67
7.6. Network File System (NFS) Services.............................................................70
7.7. Configuration from A-Z with Linuxconf ........................................................72
8. Backup and Restore Procedures ............................................................................73
8.1. Server Backup Procedures ..............................................................................73
8.1.1. Backing up with “tar”: .........................................................................75
8.1.2. Backing up with “KDat”: ....................................................................78
8.2. Server Restore Procedures ..............................................................................80
8.2.1. Restoring with “tar”:............................................................................80
8.2.2. Restoring with “KDat”: .......................................................................82
8.3. Cisco Router Configuration Backups .............................................................83
9. Various & Sundry Administrative Tasks...............................................................87
9.1. Checking Storage Space .................................................................................87
9.2. Managing Processes .......................................................................................90
9.3. Starting and Stopping Processes.....................................................................91
9.4. Automating Tasks with Cron and Crontab files..............................................92
10. Upgrading Linux and Other Applications ..........................................................94
10.1. Using the Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) ...............................................94
10.2. Installing or Upgrading Without RPM .........................................................96
10.3. Strategies for Keeping an Up-to-date System...............................................98
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10.4. Linux Kernel Upgrades.................................................................................99
10.5. Upgrading a Red Hat Stock Kernel ............................................................101
10.6. Building a Custom Kernel ..........................................................................101
10.7. Moving to the Linux 2.2.x Kernels.............................................................107
10.8. Configuring the Apache Web Server ..........................................................110
10.9. Configuring the Squid HTTP Caching Proxy Daemon ..............................110
10.10. Configuring the Sendmail E-mail Daemon ..............................................111
11. Enterprise Computing with Linux .....................................................................115
11.1. Performance Tuning ...................................................................................115
11.2. High Availability with RAID......................................................................115
11.3. Server Migration and Scalability Issues .....................................................117
12. Strategies for Keeping a Secure Server..............................................................121
13. Help! Trouble in Paradise!..................................................................................127
13.1. Getting Linux Installed on new, Unsupported Hardware ...........................127
13.2. File System Corruption after Power Outage or System Crash ...................127
13.3. Where to Turn for Help ..............................................................................128
13.4. Pointers to Additional Documentation .......................................................131
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