Standard Handbook of Video and Television Engineering, 4th ed.pdf

Source: Standard Handbook of Video and Television Engineering

Section

Light, Vision, and Photometry

The world’s first digital electronic computer was built using 18,000 vacuum tubes. It occupied an

entire room, required 140 kW of ac power, weighed 50 tons, and cost about $1 million. Today, an

entire computer can be built within a single piece of silicon about the size of a child’s fingernail.

And you can buy one at the local parts house for less than $10.

Within our lifetime, the progress of technology has produced dramatic changes in our lives

and respective industries. Impressive as the current generation of computer-based video equip-

ment is, we have seen only the beginning. New technologies promise to radically alter the com-

munications business as we know it. Video imaging is a key element in this revolution.

The video equipment industry is dynamic, as technical advancements are driven by an ever-

increasing professional and customer demand. Two areas of intense interest include high-resolu-

tion computer graphics and high-definition television. In fact, the two have become tightly inter-

twined.

Consumers worldwide have demonstrated an insatiable appetite for new electronic tools. The

personal computer has redefined the office environment, and HDTV promises to redefine home

entertainment. Furthermore, the needs of industry and national defense for innovation in video

capture, storage, and display system design have grown enormously. Technical advances are

absorbed as quickly as they roll off the production lines.

This increasing pace of development represents a significant challenge to standardizing orga-

nizations around the world. Nearly every element of the electronics industry has standardization

horror-stories in which the introduction of products with incompatible interfaces forged ahead of

standardization efforts. The end result is often needless expense for the end-user, and the poten-

tial for slower implementation of a new technology. No one wants to purchase a piece of equip-

ment that may not be supported in the future by the manufacturer or the industry. This dilemma

threatens to become more of a problem as the rate of technical progress accelerates.

In simpler times, simpler solutions would suffice. Legend has it that George Eastman (who

founded the Eastman Kodak Company) first met Thomas Edison during a visit to Edison’s New

Jersey laboratory in 1907. Eastman asked Edison how wide he wanted the film for his new cam-

eras to be. Edison held his thumb and forefinger about 1 3/8-in (35 mm) apart and said, “about so

wide.” With that, a standard was developed that has endured for nearly a century.

This successful standardization of the most enduring imaging system yet devised represents

the ultimate challenge for all persons involved in video engineering. While technically not an

1-1

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Light, Vision, and Photometry

1-2 Section One

electronic imaging system, film has served as the basis of comparison for nearly all electronic

systems. The performance of each new video scheme has, invariably, been described in relation

to 35 mm film.

Video imaging has become an indispensable tool in modern life. Desktop computers, pocket-

sized television sets, stadium displays, big-screen HDTV, flight simulator systems, high-resolu-

tion graphics workstations, and countless other applications rely on advanced video technolo-

gies. And like any journey, this one begins with the basic principles.

In This Section:

Chapter 1.1: Light and the Visual Mechanism

1-7

Introduction

1-7

Sources of Illumination

1-7

The Spectrum

1-8

Monochrome and Color Vision

1-9

Visual Requirements for Video

1-13

Luminous Considerations in Visual Response

1-14

Photometric Measurements

1-14

Luminosity Curve

1-14

Luminance

1-16

Luminance Discrimination

1-16

Perception of Fine Detail

1-17

Sharpness

1-19

Response to Intermittent Excitation

1-20

References

1-21

Bibliography

1-22

Chapter 1.2: Photometric Quantities

1-23

Introduction

1-23

Luminance and Luminous Intensity

1-23

Illuminance

1-24

Lambert’s Cosine Law

1-25

Measurement of Photometric Quantities

1-26

Retinal Illuminance

1-27

Receptor Response Measurements

1-27

Spectral Response Measurement

1-28

Transmittance

1-29

Reflectance

1-31

Human Visual System

1-31

A Model for Image Quality

1-32

References

1-33

Bibliography

1-33

Reference Documents for this Section

Barten, Peter G. J.: “Physical Model for the Contrast Sensitivity of the Human Eye,” Human

Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display III , Bernice E. Rogowitz ed., Proc. SPIE

1666, SPIE, Bellingham, Wash., pp. 57–72, 1992.

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Light, Vision, and Photometry

Light, Vision, and Photometry 1-3

Boynton, R. M.: Human Color Vision , Holt, New York, 1979.

Committee on Colorimetry, Optical Society of America: The Science of Color , Optical Society

of America, New York, N.Y., 1953.

Daly, Scott: “The Visible Differences Predictor: An Algorithm for the Assessment of Image

Fidelity,” Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display III , Bernice E. Rogowitz

ed., Proc. SPIE 1666, SPIE, Bellingham, Wash., pp. 2–15, 1992.

Davson, H.: Physiology of the Eye , 4th ed., Academic, New York, N.Y., 1980.

Evans, R. M., W. T. Hanson, Jr., and W. L. Brewer: Principles of Color Photography , Wiley, New

York, N.Y., 1953.

Fink, D. G.: Television Engineering Handbook , McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1957.

Fink, D. G: Television Engineering , 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., 1952.

Grogan, T. A.: “Image Evaluation with a Contour-Based Perceptual Model,” Human Vision,

Visual Processing, and Digital Display III , Bernice E. Rogowitz ed., Proc. SPIE 1666,

SPIE, Bellingham, Wash., pp. 188–197, 1992.

Grogan, Timothy A.: “Image Evaluation with a Contour-Based Perceptual Model,” Human

Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display III , Bernice E. Rogowitz ed., Proc. SPIE

1666, SPIE, Bellingham, Wash., pp. 188–197, 1992.

Hecht, S., S. Shiaer, and E. L. Smith: “Intermittent Light Stimulation and the Duplicity Theory

of Vision,” Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol. 3, pg. 241, 1935.

Hecht, S.: “The Visual Discrimination of Intensity and the Weber-Fechner Law,” J. Gen Physiol .,

vol. 7, pg. 241, 1924.

IES Lighting Handbook , Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New York, N.Y.,

1981.

Kingslake, R. (ed.): Applied Optics and Optical Engineering , vol. 1, Academic, New York, N.Y.,

1965.

Martin, Russel A., Albert J. Ahumanda, Jr., and James O. Larimer: “Color Matrix Display Simu-

lation Based Upon Luminance and Chromatic Contrast Sensitivity of Early Vision,” in

Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display III , Bernice E. Rogowitz ed., Proc.

SPIE 1666, SPIE, Bellingham, Wash., pp. 336–342, 1992.

Polysak, S. L.: The Retina , University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 1941.

Reese, G.: “Enhancing Images with Intensity-Dependent Spread Functions,” Human Vision,

Visual Processing, and Digital Display III , Bernice E. Rogowitz ed., Proc. SPIE 1666,

SPIE, Bellingham, Wash., pp. 253–261, 1992.

Reese, Greg: “Enhancing Images with Intensity-Dependent Spread Functions,” Human Vision,

Visual Processing, and Digital Display III , Bernice E. Rogowitz ed., Proc. SPIE 1666,

SPIE, Bellingham, Wash., pp. 253–261, 1992.

Schade, O. H.: “Electro-optical Characteristics of Television Systems,” RCA Review , vol. 9, pp.

5–37, 245–286, 490–530, 653–686, 1948.

Wright, W. D.: The Measurement of Colour , 4th ed., Adam Hilger, London, 1969.

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Light, Vision, and Photometry

1-4 Section One

Figures and Tables in this Section

Figure 1.1.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. 1-8

Figure 1.1.2 The radiating characteristics of tungsten: (trace A ) radiant flux from 1 cm 2 of a

blackbody at 3000K, (trace B ) radiant flux from 1 cm 2 of tungsten at 3000K, (trace B ´)

radiant flux from 2.27 cm 2 of tungsten at 3000K (equal to curve A in the visible region). 1-

Figure 1.1.3 Spectral distribution of solar radiant power density at sea level, showing the ozone,

oxygen, and carbon dioxide absorption bands. 1-10

Figure 1.1.4 Power distribution of a monochrome video picture tube light source. 1-10

Figure 1.1.5 The photopic luminosity function. 1-15

Figure 1.1.6 Scotopic luminosity function (trace a ) as compared with photopic luminosity func-

tion (trace b ). 1-15

Figure 1.1.7 Weber’s fraction

∆

L @

cd/m 2 ; 1 troland = retinal illuminance per square millimeter pupil area from the surface

with a luminance of 1 cd/m 2 ). 1-21

Figure 1.2.1 Solid angle ω subtended by surface S with its normal at angle θ from the line of

propagation. 1-26

Figure 1.2.2 Light-transfer characteristics for video camera tubes. 1-29

Figure 1.2.3 Measurement of diffuse transmittance. 1-30

Figure 1.2.4 Measurement of reflectance. 1-32

⋅

Table 1.1.1 Psychophysical and Psychological Characteristics of Color. 1-11

Table 1.1.2 Relative Luminosity Values for Photopic and Scotopic Vision. 1-12

Table 1.2.1 Conversion Factors for Luminance and Retinal Illuminance Units. 1-24

Table 1.2.2 Typical Luminance Values. 1-25

Table 1.2.3 Conversion Factors for Illuminance Units. 1-26

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B / B as a function of luminance B for a dark-field surround. 1-17

Figure 1.1.8 Test chart for high-definition television applications produced by a signal waveform

generator. The electronically-produced pattern is used to check resolution, geometry, band-

width, and color reproduction. 1-19

Figure 1.1.9 Critical frequencies as they relate to retinal illumination and luminance (1 ft

Light, Vision, and Photometry

Light, Vision, and Photometry 1-5

Subject Index for this Section

luminous transmittance 1-11

lux 1-24

blackbody 1-23

brightness 1-10, 1-16

mesopic region 1-15

metercandle 1-25

Callier Q coefficient. 1-30

critical frequency 1-13

critical fusion frequency 1-20

diffuse density 1-30

diffuse transmittance 1-30

dispersion 1-8

dominant wavelength 1-11

doubly diffuse transmittances 1-30

nonspectral color 1-8

opal glasses 1-26

pair-comparison method 1-32

perception-threshold 1-32

photometer 1-14

photometric measurement 1-14

photometry 1-23

photopic vision 1-11

picture definition 1-20

point source 1-24

purity 1-11

Purkinje region 1-15

electromagnetic radiation 1-7

energy distribution curve 1-8

equality-of-brightness 1-14

Ferry-Porter law 1-20

flicker effect 1-20

footcandle 1-25

footlambert 1-26

fovea centralis 1-11

radiant emittance 1-26

refraction 1-8

resolution 1-18

retinal illuminance 1-27

retinal illumination 1-20

saturation 1-10

scotopic vision 1-11

sharpness 1-19

specular 1-30

specular density 1-30

specular transmittance 1-30

steradian 1-16

steradians 1-24

Stiles-Crawford effect 1-27

Talbot-Plateau law 1-21

threshold frequency 1-28

threshold-of-vision 1-15

troland 1-20, 1-27

hue 1-10

human vision 1-7

human visual system 1-31

inverse-square law 1-25

lambert 1-26

Lambert’s cosine law 1-25

Landolt ring 1-18

light 1-7

luminance 1-11

luminosity curve 1-14

luminosity function 1-29

luminous emittance 1-26

luminous flux 1-23

luminous reflectance 1-11

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